Wannan takarda ta gabatar da ra'ayoyin fasaha na ci gaba da bawuloli na lantarki

Wannan takarda ta gabatar da ra'ayoyin fasaha na haɓaka bawul ɗin lantarki guda uku yuan ethylene propylene wuta bututu katin kulle zoben roba, 63-65 Shaw A,15MPA, matsa lamba na yau da kullun ƙasa da 25% na ƙirar fili mai tsada. Ruwa (gas, ruwa) hatimi shine babban fasaha na yau da kullun a fannonin masana'antu daban-daban, ba kawai gini ba, petrochemical, ginin jirgin ruwa, masana'antar injina, makamashi, sufuri, kariyar muhalli da sauran masana'antu ba za su iya yin ba tare da fasahar rufewa ba, jirgin sama, sararin samaniya da sauran gaba. masana'antu suna da alaƙa da fasahar rufewa. Filin aikace-aikacen fasahar rufewa ya ci gaba sosai. Duk na'urorin da suka haɗa da ajiyar ruwa, sufuri da canjin makamashi suna da matsalolin rufewa. Na farko, ƙayyade ma'auni na ayyuka na fa'ida da rashin amfani na kayan rufewa 1 Ƙirar ƙwalƙwalwar ƙwanƙwasa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kayan aiki ne na farko da za a yi la'akari da su don yin amfani da kayan aiki, ciki har da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi, damuwa mai tsayi na yau da kullum, elongation a lokacin hutu da nakasar dogon lokaci a lokacin hutu. Ƙarfin ƙwanƙwasa shine ɗan ƙaramin danniya na samfuri daga juzu'i zuwa karaya. Matsakaicin elongation akai-akai (modules na tsawon lokaci) shine damuwa da aka kai a ƙayyadadden haɓakawa. Tsawaitawa shine nakasar samfurin a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadadden ƙarfin ƙarfi, kuma shine rabon haɓakar haɓakawa zuwa tsayin asali. Tsawaitawa a lokacin hutu shine ƙaddamar da samfurin a lokacin hutu. Dogayen nakasar juzu'i ita ce nakasar da ta rage tsakanin alamomin bayan karaya. 2 taurin taurin yana nuna ikon abin rufewa don tsayayya da ƙarfin waje a cikin kayan hatimi, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman kaddarorin abin rufewa. Taurin kayan yana da alaƙa da wasu kaddarorin zuwa wani ɗan lokaci. Mafi girma da taurin, mafi girma ƙarfin, ƙarami da elongation, mafi kyawun juriya na lalacewa, kuma mafi muni da ƙananan zafin jiki. 3 Ayyukan matsi Hatimin roba yawanci suna cikin yanayin matsawa. Saboda viscoelasticity na kayan roba, matsa lamba zai ragu tare da lokaci lokacin da aka matsa, wanda aka nuna a matsayin shakatawa na damuwa. Bayan cire matsa lamba, ba zai iya komawa zuwa ainihin siffar ba, wanda aka nuna a matsayin matsawa nakasawa na dogon lokaci. Wannan al'amari ya fi bayyana a cikin matsanancin zafin jiki da matsakaicin mai, wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da dorewar iyawar hatimin samfurin. 4 Ƙarƙashin ƙarancin zafin jiki Don auna yanayin ƙananan zafin jiki na hatimin roba, ana gabatar da waɗannan hanyoyi guda biyu na gwada ƙananan zafin jiki: (1) Ƙananan zafin jiki na raguwa: an shimfiɗa kayan rufewa zuwa wani tsayi, sa'an nan kuma gyarawa, da sauri sanyaya. zuwa ƙasa da zafin jiki mai daskarewa, kai ma'auni, saki yanki na gwajin, kuma a wani ƙayyadaddun yanayin zafin jiki, rikodin tsarin ja da baya na 10%, 30%, 50% da 70% na zazzabi zuwa TR10, TR30, TR50, TR70. Ma'auni na kayan yana ɗaukar TR10 azaman ma'auni, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin zafin jiki na roba. (2) Matsakaicin ƙarancin zafin jiki: bayan samfurin ya daskare zuwa ƙayyadadden lokacin a ƙayyadaddun ƙarancin zafin jiki, ana lankwasa shi daidai da ƙayyadadden kusurwa, da fa'ida da rashin amfani da ikon hatimin hatimi bayan maimaita aikin mai ƙarfi. Ana bincika kaya a ƙananan zafin jiki. 5 Oil ko matsakaicin juriya Kayan hatimi baya ga tuntuɓar tushen mai, esters biyu, mai mai mai siliki, a cikin masana'antar sinadarai wani lokacin kuma suna tuntuɓar acid, alkali da sauran kafofin watsa labarai masu lalata. Bugu da ƙari ga lalata a cikin waɗannan kafofin watsa labaru, a babban zafin jiki kuma zai haifar da fadadawa da raguwar ƙarfi, rage taurin; A lokaci guda, ana fitar da filastik da kayan mai narkewa a cikin abin rufewa, yana haifar da raguwar taro, raguwar girma, haifar da ɗigo. Gabaɗaya a wani zafin jiki, bayan shayarwa a cikin matsakaici na lokuta da yawa, ingancin, ƙarar, ƙarfi, haɓakawa da taurin canjin an ƙaddara don kimanta fa'idodi da rashin daidaituwa na juriyar mai ko matsakaicin juriya na kayan hatimi. 6 Juriya ga tsufa Abun hatimi ta oxygen, ozone, zafi, haske, danshi, damuwa na inji zai haifar da lalacewar aiki, wanda aka sani da tsufa na kayan rufewa. Juriya na tsufa (wanda aka fi sani da juriya na yanayi) ana iya bayyana shi ta hanyar canjin ƙarfi, haɓakawa da taurin yanayin tsufa bayan tsufa. Ƙananan canjin canjin, mafi kyawun juriya na tsufa. Lura: juriya na yanayi yana nufin samfuran filastik saboda hasken rana, canjin yanayin zafi, iska da ruwan sama da sauran yanayin waje na tasiri, da bayyanar faɗuwa, canza launi, tsagewa, raguwar foda da ƙarfi da jerin abubuwan tsufa. Daga cikin su, ultraviolet radiation shine mabuɗin mahimmanci don inganta tsufa na filastik. Na biyu, an gabatar da kayan hatimin bawul ɗin da aka saba amfani da su 1 Nitrile butadiene roba (NBR) Copolymer ne na butadiene da acrylonitrile monomer wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar emulsion polymerization. Tsarin tsarinsa na kwayoyin halitta shine kamar haka: - (CH2-CH=CH) M - (CH2-CH2-CH) N-CN, nitrile butadiene rubber ** an ƙera shi a Jamus a farkon 1930. Yana da copolymer na butadiene da 25% acrylonitrile. Saboda tsayin daka na tsufa, juriya na zafi da juriya sun fi na roba na halitta, masana'antun roba sun ba da kulawa sosai. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, tare da saurin haɓaka makamai da kayan aiki, buƙatun zafi - da robar nitrile mai jurewa mai kamar yadda kayan shirye-shiryen yaƙi suka ƙaru sosai. Ya zuwa yanzu, fiye da kasashe 20 ne suka samar da NBR, tare da fitar da ton 560,000 a shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 4.1% na jimillar robar roba a duniya. Saboda kyakkyawan juriya na zafi, juriyar mai da kaddarorin injina, yanzu ya zama babban samfurin roba mai jure mai, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 80% na buƙatun duk roba mai jure wa. Nitrile butadiene roba a cikin 1950s ya yi babban ci gaba, ya zuwa yanzu akwai fiye da 300 brands, bisa ga abun ciki na acrylonitrile, a cikin 18% ~ 50% acrylonitrile kewayon za a iya raba zuwa kashi 42% na abun ciki na acrylonitrile. Babban darajar nitrile, 36% zuwa 41% don babban darajar nitrile, 31% zuwa 35% don matsakaicin matsakaiciyar nitrile, 25% zuwa 30% don matsakaicin nitrile, kuma ƙasa da 24% don ƙaramin nitrile. Amfanin masana'antu na ingantacciyar girma shine ƙarancin nitrile nitrile -18 (haɗe tare da abun ciki na acrylonitrile na 17% ~ 20%), matsakaicin nitrile nitrile -26 (haɗe tare da abun ciki na acrylonitrile na 27% ~ 30%), babban darajar nitrile butanitrile -40 (haɗe tare da abun ciki na acrylonitrile na 36% ~ 40%). Ƙara yawan abun ciki na acrylonitrile zai iya inganta haɓakar man fetur da juriya na zafi na NBR, amma ba fiye da haka ba, saboda karuwar abun ciki na acrylonitrile zai rage ƙananan zafin jiki na roba. Nitrile butadiene roba ana amfani da yafi a cikin kera na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa mai tushen man fetur, lubricating mai, kananzir da kuma fetur a cikin aikin roba kayayyakin da zazzabi aiki -50-100 digiri; Ana iya amfani da aikin ɗan gajeren lokaci don digiri 150, a cikin iska da ethanol glycerin antifreeze aiki zafin jiki na -45-100 digiri. Juriya na tsufa na nitrile ba shi da kyau, lokacin da maida hankali na ozone ya yi girma, zai tsufa da sauri da fashewa, kuma bai dace da aikin dogon lokaci a cikin iska mai zafi ba, kuma ba zai iya aiki a cikin wutar lantarki mai juriya na hydraulic man phosphate ester ba. Halayen jiki na nitrile butadiene roba gabaɗaya: (1) robar nitrile gabaɗaya baki ne, ana iya daidaita launi bisa ga bukatun abokin ciniki, amma dole ne ya ƙara wasu farashi, kuma yana iya shafar amfani da roba. (2) roba nitrile yana da ɗan ɗanɗanon ruɓaɓɓen kwai. (3) Dangane da halayen juriyar mai na roba na nitrile da kuma amfani da kewayon zafin jiki don sanin ko kayan hatimin shine roba nitrile. Silicone roba (Si ko VMQ) Yana da wani linzamin kwamfuta polymer tare da Si-O bond naúrar (-Si-O-Si) a matsayin babban sarkar da kwayoyin kungiyar a matsayin gefen kungiyar. Saboda ci gaban masana'antu na jiragen sama, sararin samaniya da sauran masana'antu na gaba, akwai buƙatar gaggawar zafin jiki mai zafi da ƙarancin zafin jiki mai jurewa kayan rufewar roba. Farkon amfani da na halitta, butadiene, chloroprene da sauran janar roba ba zai iya saduwa da bukatun ci gaban masana'antu, don haka a farkon 1940s a Amurka kamfanoni biyu fara saka a cikin samar da dimethyl silicone roba, shi ne na farko silicone roba. Kasarmu ta kuma yi bincike cikin nasara tare da samar da ita a farkon shekarun 1960. Bayan shekaru da yawa na ci gaba, iri-iri, aiki da yawan amfanin ƙasa na gel silica sun haɓaka sosai. Babban halaye na silica gel: (1) zafi juriya silica gel high zafin jiki kwanciyar hankali yi. Ana iya amfani dashi a 150 ℃ na dogon lokaci, aikin ba zai canza ba; Yana iya aiki na fiye da 10,000 hours ci gaba a 200 ℃, kuma za a iya ko da a yi amfani da wani ɗan gajeren lokaci a 350 ℃. (2) Cold juriya Low phenyl silica gel da matsakaici phenyl silica gel da kyau low zazzabi elasticity lokacin da sanyi juriya coefficient ne sama da 0.65 at -60 ℃ da -70 ℃. Yawan zafin jiki na silica gel shine -50 ℃. (3) juriya na man fetur da juriya na silica gel zuwa ethanol, ** da sauran kaushi na polar da kuma jurewar mai abinci yana da kyau sosai, kawai yana haifar da ƙananan fadada, kayan aikin injiniya ba za a rage ba; Haƙuri na silica gel zuwa ƙananan ƙwayar acid, alkali da gishiri yana da kyau. Lokacin da aka sanya shi a cikin 10% sulfuric acid bayani na kwanaki 7, ƙimar canjin ƙarar bai wuce 1% ba, kuma kayan aikin injiniya ba su canzawa. Amma silica gel ba shi da juriya ga tattarawar sulfuric acid, alkali, carbon tetrachloride da toluene da sauran kaushi marasa ƙarfi. (4) ƙarfin tsufa mai ƙarfi, gel silica yana da juriya na sararin samaniya da juriya na radiation ba kwatankwacin roba na yau da kullun. (5) Dielectric Properties Silica gel yana da matukar girma juriya juriya (1014 ~ 1016 ω cm) da juriya darajar ya kasance barga a kan fadi da kewayon. Ya dace don amfani azaman kayan rufewa a ƙarƙashin babban yanayin ƙarfin lantarki. (6) Wuta retardant yi silica gel ba zai ƙone nan da nan idan akwai wuta, da kuma konewa samar da kasa mai guba gas, da kuma kayayyakin bayan konewa za su samar da insulating yumbu, don haka silica gel ne mai kyau harshen retardant abu. A hade tare da halayen da ke sama, silica gel shine *** * ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan aikin lantarki na gida na masana'antun masana'antu ko sassan roba, irin su kettle na lantarki, ƙarfe, microwave tanda roba sassa; Hatimi ko sassa na roba a cikin masana'antar lantarki, kamar maɓallan wayar hannu, pads a cikin DVD, hatimi a cikin haɗin kebul, da sauransu; Hatimi akan kowane nau'in kayayyaki da ke hulɗa da jikin ɗan adam, kamar kwalabe na ruwa, masu rarraba ruwa, da sauransu. babban sarkar da gefen gefe. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1950, Amurka da tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet sun fara haɓaka elastomer mai ƙorafi. Da farko da aka sanya a cikin samarwa shine Amurka DuPont da kamfanin 3M na vtionA da KEL-F bayan rabin karni na ci gaba, fluorine elastomer a cikin juriya na zafi, matsakaicin juriya, ƙarancin zafin jiki da tsari da sauran al'amura sun sami ci gaba cikin sauri, kuma sun kafa jerin. na samfurori. Fluorine manne yana da kyakkyawan juriya na zafi, juriya na ozone da nau'ikan kaddarorin mai na hydraulic. The aiki zafin jiki a cikin iska ne -40 ~ 250 ℃, da kuma aiki zafin jiki a cikin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa man fetur ne -40 ~ 180 ℃. Saboda aiki, haɗin gwiwa da ƙarancin zafin jiki na roba na fluorine ya fi muni fiye da roba na yau da kullum, farashin ya fi tsada, don haka an fi amfani da shi a cikin kafofin watsa labaru masu zafi wanda janar ɗin roba bai dace ba, amma ba don wasu maganin phosphate ester ba. 4 EPDM (EPDM) Yana da terpolymer na ethylene, propylene da ƙaramin adadin diene alkenes wanda ba a haɗa shi ba. A cikin 1957, Italiya ta fahimci samar da masana'antu na ethylene da propylene copolymer roba (rubar EPC na binary). A cikin 1963, DuPONT ya ƙara ɗan ƙaramin diene da ba a haɗa shi ba a matsayin monomer na uku bisa tushen ethylene propylene na binaryar, kuma ya haɗa ƙananan ƙarancin ethylene propylene ternary tare da shaidu biyu akan sarkar kwayoyin. Saboda kashin bayan kwayoyin har yanzu yana cike, EPDM yana riƙe da kyawawan kaddarorin EPDM na binaryar yayin cimma manufar vulcanization. Rubber Epdm yana da kyakkyawan juriya na lemar sararin samaniya, a cikin yanayin sararin samaniya na 1 * 10-6 har yanzu bai fashe awanni 2430 ba; Kyakkyawan juriya na lalata: kwanciyar hankali mai kyau ga barasa, acid, alkali mai ƙarfi, oxidants, detergents, mai da kayan lambu da kayan lambu, ketones, da wasu lipids (amma a cikin man fetur na tushen man fetur, haɓakar mai na hydraulic yana da tsanani, ba zai iya yin aiki tare da ma'adinai mai ma'adinai ba. muhalli); Kyakkyawan juriya mai zafi, ana iya amfani dashi a cikin -60 ~ 120 ℃ zafin jiki na dogon lokaci; Yana da kyakkyawan juriya na ruwa da ikon rufewa na lantarki. Epdm roba launi na halitta ne m, mai kyau elasticity. 5 Polyurethane elastomer Yana da polymer wanda aka yi da polyisocyanate da polyether polyol ko polyester polyol ko / da ƙananan kwayoyin polyol, polyamine ko ruwa da sauran masu shimfiɗa sarkar ko crosslinkers. A cikin 1937, Farfesa Otto Bayer daga Jamus ya fara gano cewa ana iya samar da polyurethane ta hanyar ƙara polyisocyanate da polyol mahadi, kuma a kan wannan, ya shiga cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu. Yanayin zafin jiki na polyurethane elastomer yana daga -45 ℃ zuwa 110 ℃. Yana da haɓaka mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, kyakkyawan juriya na lalacewa, juriya mai juriya, juriya ga gajiya da juriya mai ƙarfi a cikin kewayon taurin. Musamman don shafawa mai da man fetur, yana da kyakkyawan juriya na kumburi kuma ana kiransa "roba mai jurewa". Polyurethane elastomer yana da kyakkyawan aiki mai mahimmanci, an yi amfani dashi a cikin ƙarfe, man fetur, mota, sarrafa ma'adinai, kiyaye ruwa, yadi, bugu, likita, wasanni, sarrafa abinci, gine-gine da sauran sassan masana'antu. 6 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Teflon (Turanci raguwa Teflon ko [PTFE,F4]), an san shi da / wanda aka fi sani da "sarkin filastik", sunayen kasuwancin kasar Sin "Teflon", "Teflon" (Teflon), "Teflon", "Teflon". "Teflon", "Teflon" da sauransu. An yi shi da tetrafluorethylene ta hanyar polymerization na mahadi na polymer, tare da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, juriya na lalata (yana ɗaya daga cikin juriya na lalata a duniya shine kayan aiki mai kyau, ban da narkakken sodium da fluorine na ruwa, yana iya jure duk sauran sinadarai, tafasa a cikin ruwa). rega ba zai iya canzawa ba, *** ana amfani dashi a cikin kowane nau'in buƙata don tsayayya da acid da alkali da abubuwan kaushi na halitta), rufewa, babban lubrication mara amfani, rufin lantarki da kyakkyawan juriyar tsufa, kyakkyawan juriya na zafin jiki (zai iya aiki a cikin + 250 ℃ zuwa -180 ℃ zafin jiki na dogon lokaci). Teflon kanta ba mai guba ba ce ga ɗan adam, amma ammonium perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), ɗaya daga cikin albarkatun da ake amfani da su wajen samarwa, ana tsammanin zai iya zama mai guba. Zazzabi shine -20 ~ 250 ℃ (-4 ~ +482°F), bada izinin sanyaya kwatsam da dumama kwatsam, ko canza yanayin zafi da sanyi. Matsa lamba -0.1 ~ 6.4Mpa (Cikakken injin zuwa 64kgf/cm2)