Hoʻohana mākou i nā kuki e hoʻonui i kou ʻike. Ma ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka nānā ʻana i kēia pūnaewele, ʻae ʻoe i kā mākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā kuki. ʻIke hou aku.
ʻAʻohe wehewehe kūhelu o ka lawelawe koʻikoʻi. Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia e like me nā kūlana hana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai hoʻololi o ka valve a i ʻole e hoʻemi ʻia ka mana hana.
Pono ka honua holoʻokoʻa e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai hana hana i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka loaʻa kālā o nā ʻāpana āpau e pili ana i nā kūlana lawelawe maikaʻi ʻole. Loaʻa kēia mau mea mai ka aila a me ke kinoea a me nā huahana petrochemical a hiki i ka ikehu nuklea a me ka hana mana, ka hoʻoili mineral a me ka mining.
Ke ho'āʻo nei nā mea hoʻolālā a me nā ʻenekini e hoʻokō i kēia pahuhopu ma nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ke ala kūpono loa, ʻo ia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka uptime a me ka hoʻokō ʻana ma o ka hoʻomalu pono ʻana i nā ʻāpana kaʻina hana (e like me ka pani ʻana a me ka hoʻokele hoʻokele maikaʻi).
He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka palekana, no ka mea, ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana hiki ke alakaʻi i kahi kaiapuni hana palekana. Eia kekahi, ke hana nei ka ʻoihana e hōʻemi i ka waihona o nā mea hana, me nā pumps a me nā valves, a me ka hoʻokuʻu pono ʻana. I ka manawa like, manaʻo nā mea nona ka hale i ka hoʻololi nui ʻana i kā lākou waiwai. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā paipu a me nā mea hana (akā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā anawaena) a me nā mea hana liʻiliʻi no ke kahawai huahana like.
Hōʻike kēia i ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku ka nui no kahi anawaena paipu ākea, pono pū kekahi ʻōnaehana hoʻokahi e pale i ka hoʻolaha lōʻihi ʻana i nā kaiapuni paʻakikī e hōʻemi i ka pono no ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana.
Pono e paʻa nā ʻāpana me nā valve a me nā pōpō valve e kūpono i ka noi i koi ʻia, akā hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi ola lawelawe lōʻihi. Eia naʻe, ʻo kahi pilikia nui me ka hapa nui o nā noi, ʻo nā ʻāpana metala i hiki i ka palena o kā lākou hana. Hōʻike kēia i hiki i nā mea hoʻolālā ke ʻimi i nā mea ʻē aʻe i nā mea metala ʻole, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea seramika, no ke koi ʻana i nā noi lawelawe.
ʻO nā ʻāpana maʻamau i koi ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana ma lalo o nā kūlana lawelawe koʻikoʻi, ʻo ia ka pale ʻana i ka haʻalulu wela, ke kūpaʻa corrosion, ke kūpaʻa luhi, ka paʻakikī, ka ikaika, a me ka paʻakikī.
ʻO ke kūpaʻa he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi, no ka mea, hiki i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ke hiki ke hāʻule i ka pōʻino. ʻO ka paʻakikī o nā mea seramika i wehewehe ʻia e like me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki ke ana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano indentation, ka hopena i nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe artificially. Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau incision ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi ke hāʻawi i nā ana kūpono.
Pili ka ikaika i ka ʻoʻoleʻa, akā e pili ana i ka helu hoʻokahi i hāʻule pōʻino ai kekahi mea ke hoʻopili ʻia ke koʻikoʻi. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "modulus of rupture" a ua ana ʻia ma ka hana ʻana i kahi ana ikaika piʻo ʻekolu a ʻehā paha ma luna o ke koʻokoʻo hoʻāʻo. Hāʻawi ka hōʻike ʻekolu-helu i kahi waiwai i ʻoi aku ka 1% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻehā.
ʻOiai hiki ke ana ʻia ka paʻakikī me nā ʻano unahi like ʻole me Rockwell a me Vickers, ʻo ka Vickers microhardness scale he kūpono loa ia no nā mea seramika holomua. ʻO ka paʻakikī e pili pono ana i ke kū'ēʻana o ka mea.
I loko o kahi valve e hana ana ma ke ʻano cyclic, he pilikia nui ka luhi ma muli o ka wehe mau ʻana a me ka pani ʻana o ka valve. ʻO ka luhi ka paepae ikaika, ma waho aʻe o ka mea e hāʻule pinepine ai ka mea ma lalo o kona ikaika kulou maʻamau.
ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion e pili ana i ke kaiapuni hana a me ke ʻano o ka mea. Ma kēia kahua, he nui nā mea hana seramika holomua ma mua o nā metala, koe wale no ka "hydrothermal degradation", e kū ana i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai kekahi mau mea zirconia i ka mahu wela wela.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻāpana geometry, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wela, ka conductivity thermal, ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika e ka haʻalulu wela. He wahi kūpono kēia i ka conductivity thermal kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī, no laila hiki ke hana pono nā ʻāpana metala. Eia nō naʻe, hāʻawi ka holomua i nā mea seramika i kēia manawa i nā pae kūpono o ka pale ʻana i ka haʻalulu wela.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ceramics kiʻekiʻe no nā makahiki he nui a kaulana i waena o nā ʻenekini hilinaʻi, nā mea hana mea kanu a me nā mea hoʻolālā valve e koi ana i ka hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka waiwai. E like me nā koi noi kikoʻī, aia nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻokoʻa i kūpono no kahi ākea o nā ʻoihana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻehā mau seramika kiʻekiʻe he mea koʻikoʻi nui i ke kahua o nā valve lawelawe koʻikoʻi. Loaʻa iā lākou ka silika carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), alumina a me ka zirconia. Ua kohoʻia nā mea o ka valve a me ka valve ball e like me nā koi noi kiko'ī.
ʻElua mau ʻano nui o ka zirconia i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā valve, ʻo ia mau mea ʻelua ka like o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka wela a me ka ʻoʻoleʻa e like me ke kila. ʻO ka zirconia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia hapa ʻo Magnesium oxide (Mg-PSZ) ke kūpaʻa haʻalulu wela a me ka paʻakikī, ʻoiai ʻo ka yttrium oxide tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a ʻoi aku ka ikaika, akā hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hydrothermal degradation.
ʻO ka nitride silikoni (Si3N4) he mau ʻano hana like ʻole. ʻO ke kinoea sintered silicon nitride (GPPSN) ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kiwi a me nā ʻāpana valve. Ma waho aʻe o kona awelika paʻakikī, hāʻawi pū ia i ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika, ke kūpaʻa haʻalulu maikaʻi a me ka paʻa wela. Eia kekahi, ʻo Si3N4 kahi mea hoʻololi kūpono no ka zirconia i loko o nā wahi mahu wela wela e pale ai i ka degradation hydrothermal.
Ke paʻa ka waihona kālā, hiki i ka mea kikoʻī ke koho i ka silicon carbide a i ʻole alumina. He kiʻekiʻe ka paʻakikī o nā mea ʻelua, akā ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka zirconia a i ʻole ka nitride silicon. Hōʻike kēia i ka mea kūpono loa no nā noi ʻāpana static, e like me nā linings valve a me nā noho valve, ma mua o nā pōpō valve a i ʻole nā disa e pili ana i ke koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea metala i hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi valve lawelawe koʻikoʻi (me ka ferrochrome (CrFe), tungsten carbide, Hastelloy a me Stellite), ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea seramika holomua a me ka ikaika like.
ʻO nā noi lawelawe koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā valve rotary, e like me nā valve butterfly, trunnions, floating ball valves, a me nā puna wai. Ma ia mau noi, hōʻike ʻo Si3N4 a me ka zirconia i ke kūpaʻa haʻalulu wela, ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika e hoʻololi i nā kaiapuni koi loa. Ma muli o ka paʻakikī a me ka corrosion o ka mea, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke ola lawelawe o nā ʻāpana i nā manawa he nui ma mua o nā ʻāpana metala. ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona hana o ka valve i kona ola ʻana, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā wahi e mālama ai i kona hiki pani a me ka mana.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia ma kahi noi kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai kahi pōpō kynar/RTFE valve 65 mm (2.6 in) a me ka liner i ka 98% sulfuric acid a me ka ilmenite, e hoʻololi ʻia ana i ka pigment titanium oxide. ʻO ke ʻano corrosive o ka media ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke hoʻomau i kēia mau mea a hiki i ʻeono pule. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoki pōlele pōleʻa i hana ʻia e Nilcra!" (Figure 1), ʻo ia kahi proprietary magnesium oxide partally stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ), he paʻakikī maikaʻi loa a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a hiki ke hāʻawi i ʻekolu makahiki o ka lawelawe pau ʻole me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻaʻahu a haehae.
I loko o ka laina laina e pili ana i nā ʻūhā kihi, nā kīwaha throttle a i ʻole nā kīwaha honua, ʻo ka zirconia a me ka silicon nitride e kūpono i nā pahu valve a me nā noho valve, mahalo i nā ʻano "noho paʻakikī" o kēia mau huahana. Pēlā nō, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka alumina no kekahi mau gaskets a me nā hīnaʻi. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā pōpō wili ma ka noho valve, hiki ke loaʻa kahi kiʻekiʻe o ke sila.
No ka uhi ʻana o ka valve, e komo pū me ka valve core, inlet a me waho a i ʻole ka lining kino valve, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o nā mea seramika ʻehā e like me nā koi noi. ʻO ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia he mea maikaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka hana huahana a me ke ola lawelawe.
E lawe i ka valve butterfly DN150 i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka hale hoʻoheheʻe bauxite Australia ma ke ʻano he laʻana. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka silica ma ke kikowaena e hāʻawi i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka lole ma ka liner valve. Hana ʻia nā gaskets a me nā diski i hoʻohana mua ʻia me ka 28% CrFe alloy a hiki ke hoʻopau wale i ʻewalu a ʻumi pule. Eia naʻe, me nā valves i hana ʻia me Nilcra!" zirconia (Figure 2), ua hoʻonui ke ola lawelawe i 70 mau pule.
Ma muli o kona paʻakikī a me ka ikaika, hana maikaʻi nā seramika i ka hapa nui o nā noi valve. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ko lākou paʻakikī a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion e kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ola lawelawe o ka valve. ʻO kēia ka mea e hōʻemi i ke kumukūʻai o ke ola holoʻokoʻa ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka manawa haʻahaʻa no nā ʻāpana pani, e hōʻemi ana i ke kapikala hana a me ka waihona waiwai, ka liʻiliʻi o ka lima lima, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka palekana ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka leakage.
No ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea seramika i loko o nā kīwaha kiʻekiʻe ka mea e hopohopo nui ai, no ka mea, pili kēia mau valve i nā ukana axial kiʻekiʻe a torsional paha. Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻomohala nei nā mea pāʻani nui ma kēia kahua i nā hoʻolālā pōpō valve e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke ola o ka hoʻokele torque.
ʻO ka palena nui ʻē aʻe he scale. ʻO ka nui o ka noho valve nui loa a me ka pōlele valve nui loa (Figure 3) i hana ʻia e ka magnesia zirconia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻāpana ʻo DN500 a me DN250. Eia naʻe, makemake ka hapa nui o nā mea kikoʻī i nā ʻāpana seramika o kēia mau nui.
ʻOiai ua hōʻoia ʻia ka mea seramika he koho kūpono, aia nō kekahi mau alakaʻi maʻalahi e hahai e hoʻonui i kāna hana. Pono e hoʻohana mua ʻia nā mea seramika inā pono e mālama ʻia nā kumukūʻai i ka liʻiliʻi loa. Pono e pale ʻia nā kihi ʻoi a me ka noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi ma loko a ma waho.
Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wela i ka wā o ka hoʻolālā. I mea e hōʻemi ai i ke kaumaha o ka hoop, pono e mālama ʻia ka keramika ma waho, ʻaʻole ma loko. ʻO ka mea hope loa, pono e noʻonoʻo pono ʻia ka pono o ka geometric tolerances a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili, no ka mea e hoʻonui nui kēia i nā kumukūʻai pono ʻole.
Ma ka hahai ʻana i kēia mau alakaʻi a me nā hana maikaʻi loa no ke koho ʻana i nā mea waiwai a me ka hui pū ʻana me nā mea hoʻolako mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka papahana, hiki ke hoʻokō i ka hopena kūpono no kēlā me kēia noi lawelawe koʻikoʻi.
Loaʻa kēia ʻike mai nā mea i hāʻawi ʻia e Morgan Advanced Materials a ua loiloi ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia.
ʻO Morgan Mea Kiʻekiʻe Loaʻa-Keramics ʻenehana. (2019, Nowemapa 28). ʻO nā lako seramika kiʻekiʻe no nā noi lawelawe koi. AZoM. Ua kiʻi ʻia mai https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305 ma ka lā 7 o Dekemaba, 2021.
ʻO Morgan Mea Kiʻekiʻe Loaʻa-Keramics ʻenehana. "Nā mea seramika kiʻekiʻe no nā noi lawelawe koi". AZoM. Kekemapa 7, 2021.
ʻO Morgan Mea Kiʻekiʻe Loaʻa-Keramics ʻenehana. "Nā mea seramika kiʻekiʻe no nā noi lawelawe koi". AZoM. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305. (Ua kiʻi ʻia ma ka lā 7 Dekemaba, 2021).
ʻO Morgan Mea Kiʻekiʻe Loaʻa-Keramics ʻenehana. 2019. ʻO nā mea seramika kiʻekiʻe no ke koi ʻana i nā noi lawelawe. AZoM, nānā ʻia ma Dekemaba 7, 2021, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305.
Ua kūkākūkā ʻo AZoM lāua ʻo Professor Guihua Yu o ke Kulanui o Texas ma Austin i kahi ʻano hou o ka pepa hydrogel e hiki ke hoʻololi koke i ka wai haumia i wai inu maʻemaʻe. He hopena nui paha kēia kaʻina hana hou i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka nele o ka wai honua.
Ma kēia nīnauele, ua kamaʻilio ʻo AZoM lāua ʻo Jurgen Schawe mai METTLER TOLEDO e pili ana i ka calorimetry chip scan wikiwiki a me kāna mau noi like ʻole.
Ua kamaʻilio ʻo AZoM me Polofesa Oren Scherman e pili ana i kāna noiʻi ʻana i kahi ʻano hydrogel hou e hiki ke hoʻokō i ka compressibility kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO StructureScan Mini XT ka mea hana maikaʻi loa no ka nānā ʻana; hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaopopo pololei a me ka wikiwiki i ka hohonu a me ke kūlana o nā mea metala a me nā mea ʻole i loko o ke kaʻa.
ʻO Miniflex XpC he X-ray diffractometer (XRD) i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻomalu maikaʻi ʻana i nā mea kanu sima a me nā hana ʻē aʻe e koi ai i ka mana kaʻina hana pūnaewele (e like me nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā pā).
ʻO Raman Building Block 1064 nā mea e pono ai: spectrometer, 1064 nm laser, sampling probe a me nā mea koho ʻē aʻe.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-08-2021
