Valve puʻe wela helu valve uila hydraulic actuator hoʻolauna

Valve pressure temperature rating valve electric hydraulic actuator introduction ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi ʻana o ka valve - ʻoi aku ka ʻae ʻia o ke ana wela ma kahi wela i hōʻike ʻia e like me ke kaomi ana. Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi hana ʻae ʻia e emi iho. ʻO ka ʻikepili helu kaomi-mahana ke kumu nui no ke koho pololei ʻana i nā flanges, valves a me nā paipu paipu ma lalo o nā mahana hana like ʻole a me nā kaomi, a me nā ʻāpana kumu i ka hoʻolālā ʻenekinia a me ka hana ʻana. ASME/ANSI B16.5A-1992 flange kaomi-mahana helu no ka American Petroleum Institute, Japanese Petroleum Institute, Farani Petroleum Institute a me BS1560 Part II ua hoʻokumu 'ia e like me ASME/ANSI B16.5A-1992 puʻe-mahana helu. Paʻi wela ka helu ʻana ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe - ʻo ka helu wela ka mea i ʻae ʻia i ke kaomi hana i ʻae ʻia ma kahi mahana i hōʻike ʻia e like me ke kaomi ana. Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi hana ʻae ʻia e emi iho. ʻO ka ʻikepili helu kaomi-mahana ke kumu nui no ke koho pololei ʻana i nā flanges, valves a me nā paipu paipu ma lalo o nā mahana hana like ʻole a me nā kaomi, a me nā ʻāpana kumu i ka hoʻolālā ʻenekinia a me ka hana ʻana. Hōʻike ʻia ka helu kaomi-mahana a me ka ʻikepili no nā mea like ʻole ma ka Mokuna 4. Ua hoʻokumu nā ʻāina he nui i nā kūlana helu kaomi-mahana no nā valve, nā lako a me nā flanges. I. Nā kūlana ʻAmelika Ma ka maʻamau ʻAmelika, ʻo ke kaomi ʻana i nā helu wela no nā kiwi kila e like me ASME / ANSI B16.5A-1992, ASMEB 16.34-1996; ʻO ke kaomi ʻana i nā helu wela no nā kiwi hao hao e like me ANSI 816.1-1989} B16.4-1989} ANSI B16.42-1985: ʻO ke kaomi ʻana i nā helu wela no nā kiwi keleawe e like me ASME/ANSI B16.15A-1992, ASME Nā ʻōlelo a B16 .24-1991. 1) Ua kuhikuhi ʻo ASME/ANSI B16.5A-1992 i ʻelua pūʻulu o ka nui o ka flange ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania a me nā ʻāpana metric, a me ka papa inoa ʻana i ke kaomi flange a me nā helu wela e pili ana i nā ʻōnaehana ʻelua. Hāʻawi ʻia kahi ʻano no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kaomi ʻāpana Pelekane - ka helu wela ma ka Appendix D o ke Kūlana. I ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻāpana metric ma ke ʻano he laʻana, ʻo ke ʻano no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā helu kaomi-mahana no nā mea like ʻole: Ma kahi o ka PT ka nui o ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o ke kaomi hana (MPa) ma ka wela i kuhikuhi ʻia; PN -- Nominal pressure (MPa); σ- - ʻO ke koʻikoʻi ʻae ʻia (MPa) o ka mea ma kahi mahana i ʻōlelo ʻia. Ma kahi, ʻo ka waiwai 148 ka waiwai koʻikoʻi ʻae ʻia o nā mea kila kalapona ma ka lumi wela, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka coefficient koʻikoʻi kuhikuhi. Hoʻopili ʻia ka σ i loko o ke ʻano e nā hiʻohiʻona wela o ka mea, ke koʻikoʻi ʻae ʻia a me ka ikaika hāʻawi ʻana o ka mea ma nā wela like ʻole, a me ka ukana bolt. Hōʻike ʻia ka waiwai o σ S ma ASME/ANSI B16.5A-1992. Aia ma kahi o 100 mau ʻano mea polū Farani i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka maʻamau, i hui pū ʻia e like me ke ʻano kemika like a me nā waiwai mechanical. ASME/ANSI B16.5A-1992 flange kaomi-mahana helu no ka American Petroleum Institute, Japanese Petroleum Institute, Farani Petroleum Institute a me BS1560 Part II ua hoʻokumu 'ia e like me ASME/ANSI B16.5A-1992 puʻe-mahana helu. 2) Hāʻawi ka American ANSI B16.42-1985 "ductile iron pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings" maʻamau i ka CL150 a me CL300 (PN2.0 a me PN5.0mpa) ductile iron flange pressure rating ma ka appendix o ka maʻamau e hāʻawi pū i ke ʻano hana. o ka papa wela pumehana, ʻO kāna kumu kumu, ka laulā o ka hoʻohana ʻana, nā kapu a me nā kaʻina hana e kūlike me ASME/ANSIB 16.5A-1992. 3) ASME B16.34-1996 ho'okomo 'ia ka 'ikepili helu helu no ka flanged valves ma ASME/ANSI B16.5A-1992. ʻO ka helu ʻana i ka wela wela no nā kīwaha flanged i kēia maʻamau e hahai i ke ʻano hana o ASME/ANSI B16.5A-1992. Hoʻopuka kēia maʻamau i nā pākaukau ʻikepili helu puʻuwai no nā puʻupuʻu papa maʻamau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a no nā kiwi papa kūikawā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Aia ma mua o 100 mau mea valve i helu ʻia ma ka maʻamau, i māhele ʻia i 27 mau pūʻulu. Ii. Nā kūlana Kelemānia German standard DIN2401-1977, Māhele II, ʻAe ʻia ke kaomi hana no nā papa kaomi paipu, ʻāpana kila a hoʻolei ʻia i ka hao, he maʻamau maʻamau no ka helu ʻana i ka wela. Ma waena o lākou, ua helu ʻia ke kaomi hana ʻae ʻia o ka paipu seamless, welded pipe, flange, valve, pipe fitting and bolt ma lalo o nā mea like ʻole a me nā kūlana wela like ʻole. Aia kēia maʻamau i 6 mau ʻano mea flanged, 4 ʻano o ka flanged iron valve material, 5 ʻano o ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, 5 ʻano o ke kila forged, ʻo ia mau mea a pau nā mea kumu. ʻO nā kila a pau he kila kalapona a me ke kila kila haʻahaʻa,ʻaʻole i hoʻokomoʻia ke kila kila. Ua ʻōlelo maopopo ʻia ma ka maʻamau inā koho ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe i ʻokoʻa mai nā mea kumu mua, e helu ʻia ke kaomi hana ʻae ʻia e like me ka ratio ma waena o ka waiwai o ka ikaika o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia a me ka waiwai ikaika o nā mea kumu i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ka maʻamau ma 20 ℃. No ke koʻikoʻi o ke kila kila - ka helu wela, hoʻohui ʻia ʻo ISO/DIS70651 "steel flange". ʻO ke kumu no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka helu puʻe-mehana o nā mea kila kuhiliʻole: Ma kahi o ka PT ka ʻae ʻia ke kaomi hana (MPa) o ka mea hou i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ka wela T; PN -- Nominal pressure (MPa); σs- - hua ikaika o ka mea ma ka wela T, ie Sigma, sigma 0.1 0.2 (MPa). Ma hea, ʻo ka waiwai 205 ka waiwai ikaika o ka Cr18Ni8Mo kila ma 20 ℃, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka coefficient stress reference. ʻO ke kolu, ke kūlana Soviet mua ʻO ka maʻamau Soviet mua TOCT356-1980 "Valve a me pipeline accessories nominal pressure, test pressure and working pressure series", e like me ka cMIAC standard RTAB253-19760 ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ke kaomi hana a me ke kaomi nominal i hōʻike ʻia e ka penei: Ma kahi PT -- ke kaomi hana o ka mea i hoakakaia ma ka wela T, (MPa); PN -- Nominal pressure (MPa); σ20 -- ʻAe ʻia ke koʻikoʻi (MPa) o nā mea ma 200 ℃; ʻAe ʻia ke koʻikoʻi o nā mea ma σ S - -- wela (MPa) Ma ka maʻamau Soviet mua TOCT356-1980, ua hui pū ʻia nā mea. Ma kēia maʻamau, ʻo ke kaomi hana i ʻae ʻia ma lalo o 200 ℃ i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke kaomi hana ma lalo o ka mahana maʻamau, a like me ke kaomi nominal. Nā kūlana honua ʻO ke kūlana honua ISO / DIS7005-1-1992 "Common Pipe Flanges" kahi hui o ka American standard ASME / ANSI B16.5A-1992 a me ka German standard nominal pressure class flange standard. No laila, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kūlana helu wela ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kelemānia ʻelua mau ʻāina he flange pressure temperature rating standard setting method a me ISO/DIS7005-1-1992 i loko o ka nominal pressure PN0.25, e like me 0.6, 1.0 , 1.6, 2.5, 4.0 MPa he ʻōnaehana flange Kelemania; PN2,5,10,15,25,42MPa no ka ʻōnaehana flange ʻAmelika. ʻO ka maʻamau helu kaomi-mahana no kēlā me kēia ʻōnaehana pili wale i ka maʻamau flange no kēlā me kēia ʻōnaehana. ʻO ka lima, nā kūlana aupuni o Kina ʻO ke kūlana aupuni GB/T9124-2000(Appendix A) "Nā Kūlana Kūlana no nā Pipe Pipe Flanges" e pili ana i nā kumumanaʻo a me nā ʻano no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā helu kaomi a me ka mahana ma German DIN2401-1977 a me ʻAmelika ASME / ANSI B16.5A -1992, a hoʻohana i nā mea flange maʻamau i Kina. E like me ka International standard ISO/DIS7005-1-1992, ka flange puʻe-mahana helu no elua nominal puʻe moʻo (PNO.25~ 4.0mpa, PN2.0 ~ 42.0mpa) i haku mele 'ia. Hōʻike ka maʻamau i nā ʻano mea flange 13 i 12 mau helu kaomi nominal, ka mahana hana o 20 ~ 530 ℃ i ʻae ʻia ka nui o ke kaomi hana. Hōʻike ka kiʻi 2-23 i ke kiʻikuhi schematic o kahi pahu piston hydraulic cylinder hoʻokahi. He koʻokoʻo piston kēia cylinder hydraulic i loko o hoʻokahi keʻena. ʻElua ʻano ʻano cylinder i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a paʻa ke koʻokoʻo piston. I mea e hoʻopuka ai i ka hoʻoneʻe laina, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka cylinder fixation. ʻO ka wahi hana maikaʻi o ka piston rod hydraulic cylinder me ka lua koʻokoʻo a ʻaʻohe lua koʻokoʻo ʻaʻole like. No laila, i ka wā e komo ai ka ʻaila kaomi i loko o nā lua ʻelua o ka cylinder ma ke kaomi hoʻokahi a me ke kahe kahe ʻana, ʻaʻole like ka wikiwiki a me ka pahu o ka piston ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. Hiki i ka oscillating cylinder ke hoʻokō i ka oscillating reciprocating motion, ʻo kāna Angle oscillating ka emi ma mua o 360 °. ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka hydraulic actuator i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka valve e like me ka pneumatic a me ka mea hana uila. Ma ke kumu, ʻoiai ke hoʻololi ʻia ke kumu mana o ka mea hana pneumatic i ke kumu mana hydraulic, hiki ke lilo i mea hoʻokele hydraulic. ʻO ka hydraulic actuator ka mea maoli he hydraulic cylinder, hoʻohana ʻia i ka hydraulic actuator hydraulic cylinder, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka piston rod hydraulic cylinder a me ka swing hydraulic cylinder. 1 hydraulic cylinder (1) Single piston rod hydraulic cylinder Hōʻike ka 2-23 i ke kiʻikuhi schematic o ka piston rod hydraulic cylinder. He koʻokoʻo piston kēia cylinder hydraulic i loko o hoʻokahi keʻena. ʻElua ʻano ʻano cylinder i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a paʻa ke koʻokoʻo piston. I mea e hoʻopuka ai i ka hoʻoneʻe laina, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka cylinder fixation. ʻO ka wahi hana maikaʻi o ka piston rod hydraulic cylinder me ka lua koʻokoʻo a ʻaʻohe lua koʻokoʻo ʻaʻole like. No laila, i ka wā e komo ai ka ʻaila kaomi i loko o nā lua ʻelua o ka cylinder ma ke kaomi hoʻokahi a me ke kahe kahe ʻana, ʻaʻole like ka wikiwiki a me ka pahu o ka piston ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. Kiʻi 2-23 schematic diagram o hoʻokahi piston rod hydraulic cylinder A) i ka wā e hānai ʻia ai ka ʻaila me ka ʻole o ke koʻokoʻo b) i ka wā e hānai ʻia ai ka ʻaila me ka lua koʻokoʻo c) i ka wā e hoʻokō ʻia ai ka pilina ʻokoʻa o ka cylinder hydraulic I FIG. 2-23, ma ke kii A, ke hanaiia ka aila me ka lua ole o ke kookoo, o kona mama ka ikaika puka; ma ka huahelu B, ke hanai ia ka aila me ka lua kookoo, o kona mama ka ikaika puka; Hōʻike ʻo C i ka pilina ʻokoʻa o ka cylinder hydraulic, a ʻo kona wikiwiki: ʻo ka mana hoʻopuka. (2) Hiki i ka swing cylinder ke hoʻokō i ka neʻe reciprocating swing, ʻo kona Angle swing he emi ma mua o 360 °. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke ʻano oscillating cylinders hoʻokahi a me ka rack a me ka pinion type. Hana ʻia kahi pahu kuʻi a me kahi pahu koʻi ma luna o ke koʻokoʻo piston ma waena o nā piston ʻelua. Hoʻopili ʻia ka pahu me ka mea hana e hoʻololi ai i ka neʻe ʻana o ke koʻokoʻo piston i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kumu puka, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 24. papa i loko o ka cylinder e hoʻokō i ka kowali. I loko o kēia puʻupuʻu kowali, ua hōʻike ʻia ka torque rotational o ka puʻe waena P ma ke kumu pendulum ma ke Kiʻi 2-25b, a ʻo kona waiwai ka huahana o ka puʻe P a me ka mamao R. ʻO ka traction torque i hana ʻia e ke kaomi waena e hana ana ma ka hema. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o ka pā lau holoʻokoʻa i loko o ke ʻano, D -- cylinder body diameter (cm); D -- Anawaena o ke koʻi koʻi (cm); P -- Pumi hana inlet (MPa); H -- Laulā laula (cm); Qu - Ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i kēlā me kēia kipi o ka pahu koli (CM3 / R) η - ka pono mechanical o ka pahu koʻi η=0.8~0.85 Inā ʻike ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pahu koli ʻo N (r/min), a laila ka kahe o ka leo. o ke kinikini swinging. Qu (L/min) Kii 2-24 Pinion a me rack type swing cylinder 1.1 'one nut 2.2' one bolt 3 one end cover 4,4 'one end cover sealing apo 5.5' one spring/spring seat 6,6 'one rack piston 7 hoʻokahi pūpū 8.21 hoʻokahi mea holoi 9 hoʻokahi apo hoʻopaʻa elastika 10 hoʻokahi mīkini holoi paʻa 11.13.17.20.24 -- 0 apo 12.25 -- uhi hope holoi paʻa paʻa hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pahu 15 - lāʻau piston 16 - apo alakaʻi piston 18- lāʻau kipi 19 - lalo kāʻei 22 - ʻO luna