Pepala ili likuwonetsa malingaliro aukadaulo akukula kwa ma valve opangira ma electroplating

Pepala ili likuwonetsa malingaliro aukadaulo akukula kwa mavavu a electroplating atatu yuan ethylene propylene chitoliro chamoto khadi yosindikiza mphete ya rabara, 63-65 Shaw A, 15MPA, kupanikizika kosalekeza kosakwana 25% ya kapangidwe kawo kopanda mtengo. Kusindikiza kwamadzi (gasi, madzi) ndiukadaulo wofunikira m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, osati kungomanga, petrochemical, kupanga zombo, kupanga makina, mphamvu, mayendedwe, chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi mafakitale ena sangachite popanda kusindikiza ukadaulo, ndege, mlengalenga ndi zina zotsogola. mafakitale amagwirizana kwambiri ndi ukadaulo wosindikiza. Munda wogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosindikiza ndiwotsogola kwambiri. Zida zonse zakusungirako madzimadzi, zoyendetsa ndi kusintha mphamvu zili ndi zovuta zosindikiza. Choyamba, dziwani zizindikiro zogwirira ntchito za ubwino ndi kuipa kwa zipangizo zosindikizira 1 Mapangidwe amtundu wa Tensile ndi zinthu zoyamba zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti zikhale zosindikizira, kuphatikizapo mphamvu zowonongeka, kupanikizika kosalekeza, kutambasula nthawi yopuma komanso nthawi yayitali yopumula. Kulimba kwamphamvu ndiko kupsinjika kwakukulu kwachitsanzo kuyambira pakukhazikika mpaka kusweka. Kupanikizika kosalekeza kwa elongation (nthawi zonse elongation modulus) ndiko kupsinjika komwe kumafikira pakutalikitsidwa komwe kwadziwika. Elongation ndi mapindikidwe a chitsanzo pansi pa mphamvu yamphamvu yodziwika, ndipo ndi chiŵerengero cha kuwonjezereka kwa kutalika kwa utali woyambirira. Elongation pa nthawi yopuma ndi kutalika kwa chitsanzo pa nthawi yopuma. Kupindika kwa nthawi yayitali ndiko kusinthika kotsalira pakati pa zizindikiro pambuyo pa kusweka kwamphamvu. 2 kuuma Kuuma kumawonetsa kuthekera kwa zinthu zosindikizira kukana mphamvu yakunja muzinthu zosindikizira, ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zoyambira zazinthu zosindikizira. Kuuma kwa zinthu kumakhudzana ndi zinthu zina pamlingo wina. Kuchuluka kwa kuuma, kumapangitsanso mphamvu, kucheperachepera kwa kutalika, kumakhala bwino kukana kuvala, komanso kutsika kwambiri kutentha. 3 Kuphatikizika kumagwira Zisindikizo za Rubber nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoponderezedwa. Chifukwa cha viscoelasticity ya zida za mphira, kupanikizika kumachepa ndi nthawi yoponderezedwa, yomwe imawonetseredwa ngati kupumula kwa kupsinjika. Pambuyo pochotsa kupanikizika, sikungathe kubwereranso ku mawonekedwe oyambirira, omwe amawonekera ngati compression deformation kwa nthawi yaitali. Chodabwitsa ichi chikuwonekera kwambiri kutentha kwakukulu ndi sing'anga yamafuta, zomwe zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kukhazikika kwa mphamvu yosindikiza ya mankhwala osindikiza. 4 Kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono Kuyeza mawonekedwe otsika a kutentha kwa zisindikizo za rabara, njira ziwiri zotsatirazi zoyesera kutentha kwatsika zimayambitsidwa: (1) Kutsika kwa kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono: chosindikiziracho chimatambasulidwa mpaka kutalika kwake, kenako kukhazikika, kukhazikika mwachangu. mpaka kuzizira kozizira kwambiri, kufika pamlingo wofanana, kumasula chidutswa choyesera, ndipo pamlingo wina wa kutentha, lembani chitsanzo chochotsa 10%, 30%, 50% ndi 70% ya kutentha kwa TR10, TR30, TR50, TR70. Muyezo wazinthu umatenga TR10 ngati index, yomwe ikugwirizana ndi kutentha kwamphamvu kwa rabara. (2) Low kutentha flexure: pambuyo chitsanzo ndi mazira kwa nthawi yotchulidwa pa kutentha otsika, ndi reciprocally kupindika molingana ndi ngodya yotchulidwa, ndi ubwino ndi kuipa kwa kusindikiza mphamvu chisindikizo pambuyo zochita mobwerezabwereza zamphamvu. katundu pa kutentha otsika amafufuzidwa. 5 Mafuta kapena kukana kwapang'onopang'ono Zida zosindikizira kuwonjezera pa kukhudzana ndi mafuta a petroleum, ma esters awiri, mafuta opaka silikoni, m'makampani opanga mankhwala nthawi zina amalumikizana ndi asidi, alkali ndi media zina zowononga. Kuphatikiza pa dzimbiri m'ma media awa, kutentha kwakukulu kudzatsogoleranso kukulitsa ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu, kuchepetsa kuuma; Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pulasitiki ndi zinthu zosungunuka m'zinthu zosindikizira zimachotsedwa, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa misa, kuchepa kwa voliyumu, kumayambitsa kutayikira. Nthawi zambiri pa kutentha kwina, mutatha kuviika m'kati kwa kangapo, ubwino, voliyumu, mphamvu, kutalika ndi kuuma kwa kusinthako kumatsimikiziridwa kuti muwone ubwino ndi zovuta za kukana kwa mafuta kapena kukana kwapakatikati kwa zinthu zosindikizira. 6 Kukana ukalamba Kusindikiza zinthu ndi okosijeni, ozoni, kutentha, kuwala, chinyezi, kupsinjika kwamakina kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito, komwe kumadziwika kuti kukalamba kwa zida zosindikizira. Kukana kukalamba (komwe kumadziwikanso kuti kukana kwa nyengo) kungasonyezedwe ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu, kutalika ndi kuuma kwa ukalamba pambuyo pa ukalamba. Zing'onozing'ono za kusintha, zimakhala bwino kukana kukalamba. Zindikirani: WATHER RESISTANCE imatanthawuza KUPITA KWA pulasitiki chifukwa cha kuwala kwa dzuwa, kusintha kwa kutentha, mphepo ndi mvula ndi zina zakunja zomwe zimakhudzidwa, ndi maonekedwe a kutha, kusungunuka, kusweka, ufa ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu ndi mndandanda wa zochitika zaukalamba. Mwa iwo, kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cholimbikitsa kukalamba kwa pulasitiki. Chachiwiri, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zisindikizo za valve zimayambitsidwa 1 Nitrile butadiene rabara (NBR) Ndi copolymer yosawerengeka ya butadiene ndi acrylonitrile monomer yopangidwa ndi emulsion polymerization. Mapangidwe ake a maselo ndi awa: - (CH2-CH=CH) M - (CH2-CH2-CH) N-CN, rabara ya nitrile butadiene ** inapangidwa ku Germany kumayambiriro kwa 1930. Ndi copolymer ya butadiene ndi 25% acrylonitrile. Chifukwa cha kukana kwake kukalamba, kukana kutentha ndi kukana kuvala kuli bwino kuposa mphira wachilengedwe, waperekedwa kwambiri ndi makampani a mphira. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ndikukula mwachangu kwa zida ndi zida, kufunikira kwa kutentha - ndi mphira wa nitrile wosagwira mafuta pomwe zida zokonzekera nkhondo zidakula kwambiri. Mpaka pano, mayiko opitilira 20 apanga NBR, yomwe ili ndi matani 560,000 pachaka, omwe amawerengera 4.1% ya rabara yopangidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa cha kukana kwambiri kutentha, kukana kwamafuta komanso makina amakina, tsopano yakhala chinthu chachikulu cha rabara yosamva mafuta, yomwe imawerengera pafupifupi 80% ya kufunikira kwa rabala yonse yosamva mafuta. mphira wa Nitrile butadiene m'ma 1950 wapanga chitukuko chachikulu, mpaka pano pali mitundu yopitilira 300, malinga ndi zomwe zili mu acrylonitrile, mu 18% ~ 50% acrylonitrile osiyanasiyana amatha kugawidwa kukhala: Zomwe zili mu acrylonitrile zinali 42% chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri. mkulu wa nitrile giredi, 36% mpaka 41% kwa giredi yayikulu ya nitrile, 31% mpaka 35% kwa giredi yapakatikati ya nitrile, 25% mpaka 30% kwa giredi yapakatikati ya nitrile, ndi zosakwana 24% kwa giredi yotsika ya nitrile. Industrial ntchito yaikulu ndi otsika nitrile kalasi nitrile -18 (kuphatikiza acrylonitrile zili 17% ~ 20%), sing'anga nitrile kalasi nitrile -26 (kuphatikiza acrylonitrile zili 27% ~ 30%), mkulu nitrile kalasi butanitrile -40 (kuphatikiza ndi acrylonitrile zomwe zili 36% ~ 40%). Kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu za acrylonitrile kungathandize kwambiri kukana kwa mafuta ndi kutentha kwa NBR, koma osati bwino, chifukwa kuwonjezeka kwa acrylonitrile kudzachepetsanso kutentha kwa rabara. Nitrile butadiene mphira zimagwiritsa ntchito popanga mafuta opangidwa hayidiroliki mafuta, lubricating mafuta, palafini ndi mafuta mu ntchito ya mphira mankhwala kutentha ntchito yake ndi -50-100 madigiri; yochepa ntchito angagwiritsidwe ntchito madigiri 150, mu mpweya ndi Mowa glycerin antifreeze ntchito kutentha kwa -45-100 madigiri. Kukana kukalamba kwa nitrile kumakhala koyipa, pamene ozoni ali wochuluka, amakalamba mofulumira ndi kusweka, ndipo sikoyenera kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali mumlengalenga wotentha kwambiri, komanso sangagwire ntchito pamoto wotsutsa hydraulic mafuta a phosphate ester. Makhalidwe ambiri a mphira wa nitrile butadiene: (1) mphira wa nitrile nthawi zambiri amakhala wakuda, mtundu ukhoza kusinthidwa malinga ndi zosowa za makasitomala, koma uyenera kuonjezera ndalama zina, ndipo ukhoza kukhudza kugwiritsa ntchito rabala. (2) mphira wa nitrile uli ndi kukoma pang'ono kwa dzira. (3) Malinga ndi mafuta kukana makhalidwe a mphira nitrile ndi ntchito kutentha osiyanasiyana kudziwa ngati zinthu chisindikizo ndi mphira nitrile. Rabara ya Silicone (Si kapena VMQ) Ndi polima mzere wokhala ndi Si-O bond unit (-Si-O-Si) monga unyolo waukulu ndi gulu lachilengedwe monga gulu lakumbali. Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha ndege, zamlengalenga ndi mafakitale ena akutsogolo, pakufunika mwachangu kutentha kwambiri komanso kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono zomangira mphira. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyambirira kwachilengedwe, butadiene, chloroprene ndi mphira ena ambiri sangathe kukwaniritsa zofunikira za chitukuko cha mafakitale, kotero kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1940 ku United States makampani awiri anayamba kuyika kupanga mphira wa dimethyl silikoni, woyamba silikoni mphira. Dziko lathu linafufuzanso bwino lomwe ndikuyamba kupanga koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1960. Pambuyo pakukula kwazaka zambiri, mitundu, magwiridwe antchito ndi zokolola za silika gel zapangidwa kwambiri. Waukulu makhalidwe a silika gel osakaniza: (1) kutentha kukana silika gel osakaniza mkulu kutentha bata ntchito. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa 150 ℃ kwa nthawi yayitali, magwiridwe antchito sasintha kwambiri; Itha kugwira ntchito kwa maola opitilira 10,000 mosalekeza pa 200 ℃, ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa pa 350 ℃. (2) kukana kuzizira Low phenyl silika gel osakaniza ndi sing'anga phenyl silika gel osakaniza ndi zabwino otsika kutentha elasticity pamene ozizira kukana koyenera ndi pamwamba 0.65 pa -60 ℃ ndi -70 ℃. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa gel osakaniza ndi -50 ℃. (3) mafuta kukana ndi kukana mankhwala a silika gel osakaniza Mowa, ** ndi zina zosungunulira polar ndi kulolerana mafuta chakudya ndi zabwino kwambiri, kokha chifukwa kukula pang'ono, mawotchi katundu sangachepetse; Kulekerera kwa silika gel osakaniza kutsika kwa asidi, alkali ndi mchere kulinso kwabwino. Akayikidwa mu 10% sulfuric acid solution kwa masiku 7, kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa voliyumu kumakhala kosakwana 1%, ndipo mawonekedwe amakanika samasinthidwa. Koma silika gel osakaniza si kugonjetsedwa ndi anaikira sulfuric asidi, alkali, carbon tetrachloride ndi toluene ndi zina sanali polar solvents. (4) kukana kukalamba kolimba, gel osakaniza a silika ali ndi kukana kwa ozoni komanso kukana kwa radiation sikungafanane ndi mphira wamba. (5) Dielectric katundu Silica gel osakaniza ali ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri ya resistivity (1014 ~ 1016 ω cm) ndipo kukana kwake kumakhalabe kokhazikika pamitundu yambiri. Oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kutchinjiriza zinthu pansi mkulu voteji mikhalidwe. (6) silika gel osakaniza ntchito moto sizidzayaka nthawi yomweyo, ndipo kuyaka kwake kumatulutsa mpweya wapoizoni pang'ono, ndipo zinthu zikayaka moto zimapanga insulating ceramic, kotero gel osakaniza ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri choletsa moto. Mogwirizana ndi makhalidwe pamwamba, silika gel osakaniza ndi *** * ntchito m'nyumba zipangizo zamagetsi mafakitale zisindikizo kapena mphira mbali, monga magetsi ketulo, chitsulo, mayikirowevu uvuni mphira mbali; Zisindikizo kapena mbali za mphira mu makampani amagetsi, monga makiyi a foni yam'manja, mapepala ogwedezeka mu DVD, zisindikizo muzitsulo zamagetsi, etc.; Zisindikizo pamitundu yonse ya zinthu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi thupi la munthu, monga mabotolo amadzi, zoperekera madzi, ndi zina zotero. unyolo waukulu ndi unyolo wam'mbali. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1950, United States ndi dziko limene kale linali Soviet Union anayamba kupanga makina opangidwa ndi fluorinated elastomer. Choyamba anaika mu kupanga ndi United States DuPont ndi 3M kampani vtionA ndi KEL-F pambuyo theka la chitukuko, fluorine elastomer mu kutentha kukana, kukana sing'anga, otsika kutentha kukana ndi ndondomeko ndi mbali zina akwaniritsa chitukuko mofulumira, ndipo anapanga mndandanda. za mankhwala. Guluu wa fluorine ali ndi kukana kutentha kwambiri, kukana kwa ozoni komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamafuta a hydraulic. Kutentha kwa ntchito mumlengalenga ndi -40 ~ 250 ℃, ndipo kutentha kwa hydraulic mafuta ndi -40 ~ 180 ℃. Chifukwa cha kukonza, kulumikiza ndi kutsika kwa kutentha kwa rabara ya fluorine kumakhala koyipa kuposa mphira wamba, mtengo wake ndi wokwera mtengo kwambiri, motero umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri paziwonetsero zotentha kwambiri zomwe mphira wamba sali woyenera, koma osati mayankho a phosphate ester. 4 EPDM (EPDM) Ndi terpolymer wa ethylene, propylene ndi pang'ono uncojugated diene alkenes. Mu 1957, Italy inazindikira kupanga mafakitale a ethylene ndi propylene copolymer rabara (binary EPC rabara). Mu 1963, DuPONT inawonjezera kachulukidwe kakang'ono kozungulira kozungulira ngati monoma wachitatu pamaziko a binary ethylene propylene, ndikupanga otsika unsaturated ethylene propylene ternary okhala ndi ma bond awiri pa unyolo wa maselo. Chifukwa msana wa mamolekyu udakali wodzaza, EPDM imasunga zinthu zabwino kwambiri za binary EPDM pamene ikukwaniritsa cholinga cha vulcanization. Epdm mphira ali kwambiri kukana ozoni, mu ozoni ndende ya 1 * 10-6 chilengedwe akadali akulimbana maola 2430; Kukana bwino kwa dzimbiri: kukhazikika kwa mowa, asidi, alkali amphamvu, okosijeni, zotsukira, mafuta anyama ndi masamba, ma ketoni, ndi lipids (koma mumafuta amafuta opangidwa ndi petroleum, kukulitsidwa kwamafuta a hydraulic ndikofunikira, sikungagwire ntchito polumikizana ndi mafuta amchere. chilengedwe); Wabwino kutentha kukana, angagwiritsidwe ntchito -60 ~ 120 ℃ kutentha kwa nthawi yaitali; Ili ndi mphamvu yabwino yokana madzi komanso mphamvu yotchinjiriza magetsi. Mtundu wachilengedwe wa mphira wa Epdm ndi beige, elasticity wabwino. 5 Polyurethane elastomer Ndi polima wopangidwa ndi polyisocyanate ndi polyether polyol kapena poliyesitala polyol kapena/ndi molekyulu yaying'ono polyol, polyamine kapena madzi ndi zina unyolo extenders kapena crosslinkers. Mu 1937, Pulofesa Otto Bayer waku Germany adapeza koyamba kuti polyurethane imatha kupangidwa powonjezerapo polyisocyanate ndi polyol compounds, ndipo pamaziko awa, idalowa m'mafakitale. Kutentha kosiyanasiyana kwa polyurethane elastomer kumachokera ku -45 ℃ mpaka 110 ℃. Lili ndi kusungunuka kwakukulu ndi mphamvu, kukana kwambiri kuvala, kukana mafuta, kukana kutopa ndi kugwedezeka kwamphamvu muzovuta zambiri. Makamaka mafuta opaka mafuta ndi mafuta amafuta, ali ndi kukana kwabwino kwa kutupa ndipo amadziwika kuti "raba wosamva". Polyurethane elastomer ali ndi ntchito kwambiri mabuku, wakhala ntchito zitsulo, mafuta, magalimoto, mchere processing, kusamalira madzi, nsalu, kusindikiza, mankhwala, masewera, processing chakudya, zomangamanga ndi magawo ena mafakitale. 6 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Teflon (chidule cha Chingerezi Teflon kapena [PTFE,F4]), imadziwika kuti/imadziwika kuti "mfumu ya pulasitiki", mayina amalonda aku China "Teflon", "Teflon" (Teflon), "Teflon", "Teflon" "Teflon", "Teflon" ndi zina zotero. Amapangidwa ndi tetrafluorethylene ndi polymerization wa mankhwala polima, ndi kwambiri kukhazikika kwa mankhwala, dzimbiri kukana (ndi mmodzi wa dziko kukana dzimbiri ndi zinthu zabwino, kuwonjezera chitsulo chosungunuka sodium ndi fluorine madzi, akhoza kupirira mankhwala ena onse, otentha mu madzi. rega sangasinthe, *** imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu yonse yofunikira kukana asidi ndi alkali ndi zosungunulira za organic), kusindikiza, mafuta osamata kwambiri, kutchinjiriza kwamagetsi komanso kupirira kwabwino kwa ukalamba, kukana kutentha kwambiri (kumatha kugwira ntchito + 250 ℃ mpaka -180 ℃ kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali). Teflon palokha siwowopsa kwa anthu, koma ammonium perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), imodzi mwazinthu zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, imaganiziridwa kuti ikhoza kukhala poizoni. Kutentha ndi -20 ~ 250 ℃ (-4 ~ +482 ° F), kulola kuzirala kwadzidzidzi ndi kutentha kwadzidzidzi, kapena kusinthasintha kotentha ndi kuzizira. Kupanikizika -0.1 ~ 6.4Mpa (Vacuum yonse mpaka 64kgf/cm2)