Eli phepha lazisa iingcamango zobugcisa zokuphuhliswa kweevalvu ze-electroplating

Eli phepha lazisa iingcamango zobugcisa bophuhliso lweevalvu ze-electroplating yuan ezintathu ze-ethylene propylene umbhobho womlilo wekhadi lokutywina umsesane werubha, i-63-65 Shaw A, 15MPA, uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo olungaphantsi kwe-25% yoyilo lwekhompawundi olungabizi kakhulu. Ukutywinwa kolwelo (igesi, ulwelo) bubuchwephesha obuyimfuneko ngokubanzi kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yoshishino, hayi kuphela ulwakhiwo, i-petrochemical, ukwakha iinqanawa, ukwenziwa koomatshini, amandla, ezothutho, ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye namanye amashishini ayinakwenza ngaphandle kokutywinwa kwetekhnoloji, ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya, i-aerospace kunye nokunye okuphambili. amashishini anxulumene ngokusondeleyo neteknoloji yokutywina. Intsimi yokusetyenziswa kweteknoloji yokutywina iphezulu kakhulu. Zonke izixhobo ezibandakanya ukugcinwa kwamanzi, ukuthutha kunye nokuguqulwa kwamandla zineengxaki zokutywinwa. Okokuqala, misela izibonakaliso zentsebenzo yezinto ezincedo kunye nokungalunganga kwezinto zokutywinwa 1 Iipropati ze-Tensile Iipropati ze-Tensile ziyimpawu zokuqala ezinokuthi ziqwalaselwe izinto zokutywina, kubandakanywa amandla okuqina, ukunyanzeliswa kwe-elongation eqhubekayo, i-elongation ngexesha lekhefu kunye nokuguqulwa kwexesha elide kwikhefu. Amandla okuqina luxinzelelo olukhulu ngokwentelekiso lwesampulu ukusuka kwi-tensile ukuya kukwaphuka. Uxinzelelo lobude obungagungqiyo (imodyuli yobude obuqhubekayo) luxinzelelo olufikelelwa kubude obukhankanyiweyo. Ulwandiso lutshintsho lwesampulu phantsi koxinzelelo oluchaziweyo, kwaye lumlinganiselo wokunyuka kobude ukuya kubude bokuqala. Ubude ngexesha lekhefu kukwandiswa komzekelo ngexesha lekhefu. I-tensile deformation lutshintsho olushiyekileyo phakathi kwamanqaku emva kokuphuka kwe-tensile. I-2 ukuqina Ukuqina kubonisa ukukwazi kwezinto zokutywina ukuxhathisa amandla angaphandle kwizinto zokutywinwa, kwakhona enye yezinto ezisisiseko zokutywinwa. Ubunzima bezinto eziphathekayo buhambelana nezinye iipropati ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. Ukuphakama kobulukhuni, amandla amakhulu, amancinci amancinci, ngcono ukuxhathisa ukunxiba, kwaye mbi ngakumbi ukuxhathisa ubushushu obuphantsi. 3 Ukusebenza koxinzelelo Iitywina zerabha zihlala zikwimeko ecinezelweyo. Ngenxa ye-viscoelasticity yezinto zerabha, uxinzelelo luya kuncipha kunye nexesha xa luxinzelelwe, olubonakaliswa njengokuphumla koxinzelelo loxinzelelo. Emva kokususa uxinzelelo, alukwazi ukubuyela kwisimo sokuqala, esibonakaliswa njenge-compression deformation ixesha elide. Le nto ibonakala ngakumbi kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye ne-oyile ephakathi, ehambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokuqina kwekhono lokutywinwa kwemveliso yokutywinwa. 4 Ukusebenza kweqondo lobushushu eliphantsi Ukulinganisa iimpawu zobushushu obuphantsi bezitywina zerabha, ezi ndlela zimbini zilandelayo zokuvavanya ukusebenza kobushushu obuphantsi ziyaziswa: (1) Iqondo lobushushu eliphantsi lokubuyiswa kobushushu: into yokutywina yolulelwe kubude obuthile, emva koko ilungiswe, ipholiswe ngokukhawuleza. ukuya ngaphantsi komkhenkce iqondo lobushushu, ukufikelela equilibrium, ukukhulula iqhekeza lovavanyo, kwaye kwinqanaba elithile lobushushu, irekhodi ipateni ukurhoxiswa 10%, 30%, 50% kunye 70% lobushushu ukuya TR10, TR30, TR50, TR70. Umgangatho wezinto eziphathekayo uthatha i-TR10 njengesalathisi, esihambelana nobushushu obunqabileyo berubha. (2) Iqondo lobushushu eliphantsi flexure: emva kokuba isampulu ekhenkceni ukuya kwixesha elichaziweyo kwiqondo lobushushu elichaziweyo elisezantsi, igobe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokwe-Angle echaziweyo, kunye nezinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo zokutywinwa kwesakhono sokutywinwa emva kwesenzo esiphindaphindiweyo soguquko. umthwalo kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi uyaphandwa. I-5 I-oyile okanye ukuchasana okuphakathi Izixhobo zokutywina ukongeza ekudibaneni nesiseko se-petroleum, i-esters ephindwe kabini, ioli ye-silicone yegrisi, kwishishini lemichiza ngamanye amaxesha iphinda idibane ne-asidi, i-alkali kunye neminye imithombo yeendaba ezonakalisayo. Ukongeza kwi-corrosion kule midiya, kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu liya kukhokelela ekwandiseni kunye nokunciphisa amandla, ukunciphisa ubunzima; Ngexesha elifanayo, i-plasticizer kunye nezinto ezinyibilikayo kwizinto zokutywinwa zikhutshwa, okubangela ukunciphisa ubunzima, ukunciphisa umthamo, kubangela ukuvuza. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwiqondo lobushushu elithile, emva kokucwiliswa kwindawo ephakathi kangangezihlandlo eziliqela, umgangatho, umthamo, amandla, ubude kunye nobulukhuni benguquko zizimisele ukuvavanya iingenelo kunye nokungaphumeleli kokumelana neoli okanye ukuxhathisa okuphakathi kwezinto zokutywina. I-6 Ukumelana nokuguga Izinto zokutywina nge-oxygen, i-ozone, ubushushu, ukukhanya, umswakama, uxinzelelo lomatshini luya kubangela ukuwohloka kokusebenza, okubizwa ngokuba kukuguga kwezinto zokutywina. Ukumelana nokuguga (okukwabizwa ngokuba kukuxhathisa kwemozulu) kunokubonakaliswa ngokutshintsha kwamandla, ubude kunye nobunzima bepateni yokuguga emva kokuguga. Incinci isantya sotshintsho, ngcono ukuxhathisa ukuguga. Qaphela: I-WEATHER RESISTANCE ibhekisela kwiimveliso zeplastiki ngenxa yokukhanya kwelanga, utshintsho lweqondo lokushisa, umoya kunye nemvula kunye nezinye iimeko zangaphandle zempembelelo, kunye nokubonakala kokutshatyalaliswa, ukuchithwa, ukuqhekeka, umgubo kunye nokuncipha kwamandla kunye nochungechunge lweziganeko zokuguga. Phakathi kwabo, imitha ye-ultraviolet yinto ephambili yokukhuthaza ukuguga kweplastiki. Okwesibini, izinto eziphathekayo ze-valve ze-valve zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-rubber ye-Nitrile butadiene (NBR) I-copolymer engaqhelekanga ye-butadiene kunye ne-acrylonitrile monomer eyenziwe nge-emulsion polymerization. Ifomula yayo yesakhiwo se-molecular yile ilandelayo: - (CH2-CH = CH) M - (CH2-CH2-CH) N-CN, i-nitrile butadiene rubber ** yaphuhliswa eJamani ekuqaleni kwe-1930. I-copolymer ye-butadiene kunye I-25% ye-acrylonitrile. Ngenxa yokumelana nokuguga, ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokumelana nokunxiba kungcono kunerubha yendalo, ihlawulwe ingqwalasela ngakumbi lishishini lerabha. Ngexesha leMfazwe yesiBini yeHlabathi, kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo, imfuno yobushushu - kunye nerabha ye-nitrile enganyangekiyo yeoli njengoko izixhobo zokulungela imfazwe zanda kakhulu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amazwe angaphezu kwama-20 avelise i-NBR, kunye nemveliso yonyaka yeetoni ezingama-560,000, ezibalelwa kwi-4.1% yerabha yokwenziwa kwehlabathi. Ngenxa yokumelana nobushushu obugqwesileyo, ukumelana ne-oyile kunye neempawu zoomatshini, ngoku iye yaba yeyona mveliso iphambili yerabha enganyangekiyo yeoli, ibalelwa malunga ne-80% yemfuno yazo zonke irabha enganyangekiyo yeoli. Irabha ye-Nitrile butadiene kwiminyaka yee-1950 yenze uphuhliso olukhulu, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kukho ngaphezu kweempawu ze-300, ngokuhambelana nomxholo we-acrylonitrile, kwi-18% ~ 50% uluhlu lomxholo we-acrylonitrile lunokwahlulwa lube: Umxholo we-acrylonitrile wawuyi-42% ngokugqithisileyo. i-nitrile grade ephezulu, i-36% ukuya kuma-41% kwibakala eliphezulu le-nitrile, i-31% ukuya kuma-35% kwibakala eliphezulu le-nitrile, i-25% ukuya kuma-30% kwibakala le-nitrile eliphakathi, kunye ne-24% engaphantsi kwe-nitrile grade. Ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso ubukhulu becala buphantsi kwe-nitrile grade nitrile -18 (idityaniswe nomxholo we-acrylonitrile we-17% ~ 20%), i-nitrile ye-nitrile ye-nitrile ephakathi -26 (idityaniswe nomxholo we-acrylonitrile we-27% ~ 30%), i-nitrile grade butanitrile -40 (idibene nomxholo we-acrylonitrile we-36% ~ 40%). Ukunyuka komxholo we-acrylonitrile kunokuphucula kakhulu ukunyanzeliswa kweoli kunye nokumelana nokushisa kwe-NBR, kodwa akukho nto ingcono, kuba ukwanda komxholo we-acrylonitrile kuya kunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-rubber ephantsi kweqondo lokushisa. Irabha ye-nitrile butadiene isetyenziswa ikakhulu ekwenzeni i-oyile ye-hydraulic esekelwe kwi-petroleum, i-oyile yokuthambisa, i-kerosene kunye nepetroli kumsebenzi weemveliso zerabha ubushushu bayo bokusebenza bu-50-100 degrees; Umsebenzi wexesha elifutshane ungasetyenziselwa i-degrees ze-150, emoyeni kunye ne-ethanol glycerin i-antifreeze yokushisa yokusebenza kwe-degrees -45-100. Ukumelana nokuguga kwe-nitrile kubi, xa i-ozone igxininisekile, iya kuguga ngokukhawuleza kwaye iqhekeke, kwaye ayifanelekanga umsebenzi wexesha elide kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu lomoya, kwaye ayikwazi ukusebenza kwi-fire resistance oil hydraulic oil ye-phosphate ester. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zomzimba werabha ye-nitrile butadiene: (1) irabha ye-nitrile imnyama ngokubanzi, umbala unokulungelelaniswa ngokweemfuno zabathengi, kodwa kufuneka unyuse iindleko, kwaye unokuchaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwerabha. (2) Irabha ye-nitrile inencasa yeqanda elibolileyo kancinane. (3) Ngokweempawu zokuxhathisa i-oyile yerabha ye-nitrile kunye nokusetyenziswa koluhlu lweqondo lokushisa ukugqiba ukuba izinto zetywina ziyirabha ye-nitrile. I-rubber ye-Silicone (i-Si okanye i-VMQ) I-polymer yomgca kunye neyunithi yebhondi ye-Si-O (-Si-O-Si) njengekhonkco eliphambili kunye neqela lezinto eziphilayo njengeqela elisecaleni. Ngenxa yophuhliso lwezomoya, i-aerospace kunye namanye amashishini aphambili, kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yobushushu obuphezulu kunye nezixhobo zokutywina ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu obuphantsi. Ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kwemvelo, i-butadiene, i-chloroprene kunye nezinye irabha ngokubanzi azikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso, ngoko ke ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1940 eUnited States iinkampani ezimbini zaqala ukubeka kwimveliso yerabha ye-dimethyl abicah, yirabha yokuqala ye-silicone. Ilizwe lethu liye laphanda ngempumelelo kwaye lafakwa kwimveliso ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960. Emva kwamashumi eminyaka yophuhliso, iindidi, ukusebenza kunye nesivuno se-silica gel ziye zaphuhliswa kakhulu. Iimpawu eziphambili ze-silica gel: (1) ijeli yokumelana nokushisa i-silica gel iqondo eliphezulu lokuqina kokusebenza. Ingasetyenziswa kwi-150 ℃ ixesha elide, ukusebenza akuyi kutshintsha kakhulu; Ingasebenza ngaphezu kweeyure ezingama-10,000 ngokuqhubekayo kwi-200℃, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ixesha elifutshane kwi-350℃. 2 Ubushushu obuqhelekileyo bejeli yesilica yi -50℃. (3) ukuchasana kweoli kunye nokuchasana kweekhemikhali ze-silica gel kwi-ethanol, ** kunye nezinye i-solvents ze-polar kunye nokunyamezela kweoli yokutya kuhle kakhulu, kubangele kuphela ukwandiswa okuncinci, iipropati zomatshini aziyi kuncitshiswa; Ukunyamezela kwe-silica gel kwi-concentration ephantsi ye-asidi, i-alkali kunye netyuwa nayo ilungile. Xa ifakwe kwi-10% isisombululo se-sulfuric acid iintsuku ezi-7, izinga lokutshintsha umthamo lingaphantsi kwe-1%, kwaye iimpawu zomatshini azitshintshi. Kodwa ijeli ye-silica ayixhathisi kwi-asidi ye-sulfuric egxininisiweyo, i-alkali, i-carbon tetrachloride kunye ne-toluene kunye nezinye i-solvents ezingekho polar. (4) ukumelana nokuguga okunamandla, ijeli ye-silica inokumelana okucacileyo kwe-ozone kunye nokumelana nemitha ayifani nerabha eqhelekileyo. (5) Iimpawu ze-Dielectric Ijeli ye-silica inomthamo ophezulu kakhulu wokuxhathisa (1014 ~ 1016 ω cm) kunye nexabiso layo lokumelana lihlala lizinzile kuluhlu olubanzi. Ifanelekile ukusetyenziswa njengezinto zokugquma phantsi kweemeko zombane ophezulu. (6) Ijeli ye-silica ye-Flame retardant ayiyi kutshisa ngoko nangoko xa kuthe kwatsha, kwaye ukutshiswa kwayo kuvelisa irhasi enetyhefu encinci, kwaye iimveliso emva kokutshiswa ziya kwenza i-ceramic ekhuselayo, ngoko ijeli ye-silica yeyona nto ibalaseleyo yokunqanda ilangatye. Ngokudityaniswa nezi mpawu zingentla, ijeli yesilica i**** isetyenziswa kushishino lwezixhobo zombane zendlu okanye iindawo zerabha, njengeketile yombane, intsimbi, iinxalenye zerabha ye-oven microwave; Izitywina okanye iinxalenye zerabha kushishino lwe-elektroniki, njengezitshixo zefowuni ephathwayo, iipads ezothusayo kwiiDVDS, izitywina kwiintambo zentambo, njl.; Amatywina kuzo zonke iintlobo zezinto ezithe zadibana nomzimba womntu, njengeebhotile zamanzi, izixhobo zokuhambisa amanzi, njl. njl. ikhonkco eliphambili kunye nekhonkco elisecaleni. Ukususela ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1950, iUnited States kunye nelizwe elalisakuba yiSoviet Union laqalisa ukwenza iielastomers ezinefluorinated. Okokuqala kufakwa kwimveliso yi-United States DuPont kunye ne-3M yenkampani ye-vtionA kunye ne-KEL-F emva kwesiqingatha senkulungwane yophuhliso, i-fluorine elastomer ekuxhathiseni ubushushu, ukumelana nobushushu obuphakathi, ukumelana nobushushu obuphantsi kunye nenkqubo kunye neminye imiba iphumelele uphuhliso olukhawulezayo, kwaye yenza uthotho. yeemveliso. Iglue ye-fluorine inokumelana nokushisa okukhulu, ukuxhathisa kwe-ozone kunye neentlobo zeempawu zeoli ye-hydraulic. Ubushushu bokusebenza emoyeni yi -40 ~ 250 ℃, kwaye ubushushu bokusebenza kwioyile yehydraulic yi -40 ~ 180 ℃. Ngenxa yokucutshungulwa, ukudibanisa kunye nokusebenza kobushushu obuphantsi kwerabha ye-fluorine kubi kakhulu kunerabha ngokubanzi, ixabiso libiza kakhulu, ngoko ke lisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimidiya yobushushu obuphezulu ukuba irabha ngokubanzi ayinakukwazi, kodwa hayi kwezinye izisombululo ze-phosphate ester. I-4 EPDM (EPDM) I-terpolymer ye-ethylene, ipropylene kunye nenani elincinci le-diene alkenes engaxutywanga. Kwi-1957, i-Italiya yaqaphela ukuveliswa kwemveliso ye-ethylene kunye ne-propylene copolymer irabha (i-rubber ye-EPC ye-binary). Ngo-1963, i-DuPONT yongeza inani elincinci le-diene ye-circular engaxutywanga njenge-monomer yesithathu kwisiseko se-binary ethylene propylene, kunye ne-synthesized low unsaturated ethylene propylene ternary kunye ne-double bonds kwi-molecular chain. Ngenxa yokuba umqolo we-molecular usagcwele, i-EPDM igcina iimpawu ezibalaseleyo ze-EPDM yebhinari ngelixa ifezekisa injongo ye-vulcanization. I-rubber ye-Epdm inokumelana ne-ozone egqwesileyo, kwi-concentration ye-ozone ye-1 * 10-6 indalo ayikaqhekeki iiyure ze-2430; Ukumelana ne-corrosion efanelekileyo: ukuzinza okulungileyo etywaleni, i-asidi, i-alkali eyomeleleyo, i-oxidants, i-detergents, i-oyile yezilwanyana kunye nemifuno, i-ketones, kunye ne-lipids (kodwa kwi-oyile ye-petroleum esekelwe kwi-petroleum, ukwanda kwe-oyile ye-hydraulic kuyingozi, ayikwazi ukudibana ne-oyile yezimbiwa. okusingqongileyo); Ukumelana nobushushu obugqwesileyo, kunokusetyenziswa kwi -60 ~ 120 ℃ ubushushu ixesha elide; Inokumelana kakuhle namanzi kunye nokukwazi ukugquma umbane. I-Epdm irabha yombala wendalo yi-beige, i-elasticity enhle. 5 I-polyurethane elastomer Yipolymer eyenziwe nge-polyisocyanate kunye ne-polyether polyol okanye i-polyester polyol okanye / kunye ne-molecule encinci ye-polyol, i-polyamine okanye amanzi kunye nezinye izandisi zekhonkco okanye i-crosslinkers. Ngowe-1937, uNjingalwazi u-Otto Bayer waseJamani waqala wafumanisa ukuba i-polyurethane inokuveliswa ngokongezwa kwe-polyisocyanate kunye ne-polyol compounds, kwaye kule siseko, yangena kwi-industrial application. Uluhlu lobushushu be-polyurethane elastomer busuka ku -45℃ ukuya kwi-110℃. Ino-elasticity ephezulu kunye namandla, ukumelana nokunxiba okugqwesileyo, ukumelana ne-oyile, ukuxhathisa ukudinwa kunye nokumelana nokothuka kuluhlu olubanzi lobunzima. Ngokukodwa kwi-oyile yokuthambisa kunye ne-oyile ye-fuel, inokumelana nokudumba okuhle kwaye yaziwa ngokuba yi "rubber-resistant rubber". I-polyurethane elastomer inomsebenzi ogqwesileyo obanzi, isetyenziswe kwisinyithi, i-petroleum, i-automotive, i-mineral processing, ukugcinwa kwamanzi, i-textile, i-printing, i-medical, ezemidlalo, i-processing yokutya, ukwakhiwa kunye namanye amacandelo oshishino. I-6 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) iTeflon (isishunqulelo sesiNgesi esithi Teflon okanye [PTFE,F4]), yaziwa njenge/eyaziwa ngokuba yi "plastic king", amagama orhwebo aseTshayina "Teflon", "Teflon" (Teflon), "Teflon", "Teflon" "," Teflon", "Teflon" njalo njalo. Yenziwe nge-tetrafluorethylene nge-polymerization yeekhompawundi ze-polymer, kunye nokuzinza kwekhemikhali okugqwesileyo, ukuxhathisa ukubola (yenye yeendlela zehlabathi zokuxhathisa i-corrosion yizinto ezintle, ukongeza kwi-sodium etyhidiweyo yesinyithi kunye ne-fluorine engamanzi, inokumelana nazo zonke ezinye iikhemikhali, ezibilayo emanzini. i-rega ayinakutshintsha, i-*** isetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zemfuno yokumelana ne-asidi kunye ne-alkali kunye nezinyibilikisi eziphilayo), ukutywinwa, ukuthambisa okuphezulu okunganamatheliyo, ukugquma kombane kunye nokunyamezela ukuguga, ukumelana nobushushu obugqwesileyo (kunokusebenza kwi + 250℃ ukuya -180℃ lobushushu ixesha elide). I-Teflon ngokwayo ayinayo ityhefu ebantwini, kodwa i-ammonium perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), enye yezinto ezisetyenziswayo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, kucingelwa ukuba inokuba yingozi. Iqondo lobushushu yi -20 ~ 250℃ (-4 ~ +482 ° F), ivumela ukupholisa ngesiquphe kunye nokufudumeza ngesiquphe, okanye ukutshintshanisa ukusebenza okushushu nokubanda. Uxinzelelo -0.1 ~ 6.4Mpa (Ivacuum epheleleyo ukuya ku-64kgf/cm2)