Leli phepha lethula imibono yezobuchwepheshe yokuthuthukiswa kwama-valve e-electroplating

Leli phepha lethula imibono yobuchwepheshe yokuthuthukiswa kwama-valve e-electroplating Ama-yuan amathathu ethylene propylene ipayipi lomlilo ikhadi lokuvala indandatho yerabha, 63-65 Shaw A,15MPA, ingcindezi eqhubekayo engaphansi kuka-25% wedizayini yenhlanganisela engabizi kakhulu. Ukuvalwa kwe-Fluid (igesi, uketshezi) kuwubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile obudingekayo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezimboni, hhayi nje ukwakhiwa, i-petrochemical, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini, amandla, ezokuthutha, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nezinye izimboni azikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokubeka uphawu ubuchwepheshe, izindiza, i-aerospace nezinye izimboni. izimboni zihlobene eduze nobuchwepheshe bokuvala uphawu. Umkhakha wokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuvala uphawu uthuthuke kakhulu. Zonke izisetshenziswa ezibandakanya ukugcinwa koketshezi, ezokuthutha kanye nokuguqulwa kwamandla zinezinkinga zokuvala. Okokuqala, thola izinkomba zokusebenza zezinzuzo kanye nobubi bezinto zokuvala 1 Izakhiwo ze-tensile Izakhiwo ze-tensile yizinto zokuqala okufanele zicatshangelwe ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinto zokuvala, okuhlanganisa amandla aqinile, ingcindezi yobude obuqhubekayo, ubude ngesikhathi sekhefu kanye nokuguqulwa kwesikhathi eside ngesikhathi sekhefu. Amandla okuqina ingcindezi enkulu uma kuqhathaniswa yesampula ukusuka ekuqineni kuye kokuphuka. Ingcindezi ye-elongation eqhubekayo (i-elongation modulus eqhubekayo) ingcindezi efinyelelwa ebudeni obucacisiwe. Ukwelulwa ukuwohloka kwesampula ngaphansi kwamandla aqinile acacisiwe, futhi isilinganiso sokunyuka kobude kuya kubude bangempela. Ukwelulwa ngesikhathi sekhefu wukwelulwa kwesifanekiso ngesikhathi sekhefu. I-deformation ye-tensile ende i-deformation eyinsalela phakathi kwamamaki ngemva kokuphuka okuqinile. 2 ubulukhuni Ubulukhuni bukhombisa ikhono lempahla yokuvala ukumelana namandla angaphandle entweni yokuvala, nakho kungenye yezinto eziyisisekelo zezinto zokuvala. Ukuqina kwempahla kuhlobene nezinye izakhiwo ngezinga elithile. Ukuphakama kokuqina, amandla amakhulu, ukunwebeka kuncane, ukumelana nokuguga kungcono, futhi kubi nakakhulu ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphansi. 3 Ukusebenza kokuminyanisa Izigxivizo zenjoloba zivame ukuba sesimweni sokucindezelwa. Ngenxa ye-viscoelasticity yezinto zenjoloba, ukucindezela kuzokwehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lapho kucindezelwe, okubonakala njengokuphumula kokucindezeleka okucindezelayo. Ngemva kokukhipha ingcindezi, ayikwazi ukubuyela esimweni sokuqala, esibonakaliswa njenge-deformation yokucindezela isikhathi eside. Lesi simo sisobala kakhulu ekushiseni okuphezulu naphakathi kwamafutha, okuhlobene ngokuqondile nokuqina kwekhono lokuvala umkhiqizo wokuvala. 4 Ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi Ukukala izici zokushisa eziphansi zezimpawu zenjoloba, kuyethulwa izindlela ezimbili ezilandelayo zokuhlola izinga lokushisa eliphansi: (1) Izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokuhoxisa izinga lokushisa: into yokuvala yelulelwa ubude obuthile, bese iyalungiswa, ipholiswe ngokushesha. ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elibandayo, finyelela ukulingana, ukhulule ucezu lokuhlola, futhi ngezinga elithile lokushisa, urekhode ukuhlehla kwephethini engu-10%, 30%, 50% no-70% wezinga lokushisa liye ku-TR10, TR30, TR50, TR70. Izinga lezinto ezibonakalayo lithatha i-TR10 njengenkomba, ehlobene nezinga lokushisa eliphukile lerabha. (2) Ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi: ngemva kokuba isampula liqandiswe isikhathi esibekiwe ezingeni lokushisa elishiwo eliphansi, ligotshwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuvumelana ne-Angle eshiwo, kanye nezinzuzo kanye nobubi bekhono lokuvala uphawu ngemva kwesenzo esiphindaphindiwe sokuguquguquka. umthwalo at lokushisa low kuyaphenywa. 5 Uwoyela noma ukumelana okuphakathi Izinto zokubeka uphawu ngaphezu kokuxhumana nesisekelo se-petroleum, ama-ester aphindwe kabili, uwoyela we-silicone wamafutha, embonini yamakhemikhali ngezinye izikhathi futhi zithinta i-asidi, i-alkali nezinye imidiya ezonakalisayo. Ngaphandle kokugqwala kule midiya, ekushiseni okuphezulu kuzophinde kuholele ekwandiseni nasekunciphiseni amandla, ukunciphisa ubulukhuni; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-plasticizer kanye nezinto ezincibilikayo ezintweni zokuvala zikhishwa, okuholela ekunciphiseni okukhulu, ukunciphisa ivolumu, okubangela ukuvuza. Ngokuvamile ekushiseni okuthile, ngemva kokucwiliswa emanzini izikhathi ezimbalwa, ikhwalithi, ivolumu, amandla, ubude nokuqina koshintsho kunqunywa ukuhlola izinzuzo kanye nezithiyo zokumelana nowoyela noma ukumelana okuphakathi kwezinto zokuvala. 6 Ukumelana nokuguga Izinto zokuvala nge-oxygen, i-ozone, ukushisa, ukukhanya, umswakama, ukucindezeleka kwemishini kuzodala ukuwohloka kokusebenza, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuguga kwezinto zokuvala. Ukumelana nokuguga (okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi ukumelana nesimo sezulu) kungavezwa ngokushintsha kwamandla, ubude kanye nobulukhuni bephethini yokuguga ngemva kokuguga. Uma lincane izinga loshintsho, ngcono ukumelana nokuguga. Qaphela: I-WEATHER RESISTANCE ibhekisela emikhiqizweni yepulasitiki ngenxa yokukhanya kwelanga, ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, umoya nemvula nezinye izimo zangaphandle zethonya, nokubonakala kokufiphala, ukubola, ukuqhekeka, ukwehla kwempushana namandla kanye nochungechunge lwezimo zokuguga. Phakathi kwazo, imisebe ye-ultraviolet iyisici esiyinhloko sokukhuthaza ukuguga kwepulasitiki. Okwesibili, izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zevalve seals yethulwa i-1 Nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) I-copolymer engavamile ye-butadiene kanye ne-acrylonitrile monomer ehlanganiswe yi-emulsion polymerization. Ifomula yayo yesakhiwo samangqamuzana imi kanje: - (CH2-CH=CH) M - (CH2-CH2-CH) N-CN, irabha ye-nitrile butadiene ** yathuthukiswa eJalimane kusukela ngo-1930. I-copolymer ye-butadiene kanye 25% acrylonitrile. Ngenxa yokumelana nokuguga, ukumelana nokushisa nokumelana nokugqoka kungcono kunenjoloba yemvelo, inakekelwe kakhulu imboni yenjoloba. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezikhali nemishini, isidingo sokushisa - nerabha ye-nitrile engamelana nowoyela njengoba izinto zokulungela impi zanda kakhulu. Kuze kube manje, amazwe angaphezu kuka-20 akhiqize i-NBR, enomphumela wonyaka wamathani angu-560,000, okubalelwa ku-4.1% wesamba serabha yokwenziwa emhlabeni. Ngenxa yokumelana nokushisa okuhle kakhulu, ukumelana nowoyela kanye nezakhiwo zemishini, manje isiwumkhiqizo oyinhloko wenjoloba engazweli uwoyela, ebalwa cishe ngama-80% esidingo sayo yonke irabha engazweli uwoyela. Irabha ye-Nitrile butadiene ngeminyaka yawo-1950 yenze intuthuko enkulu, kuze kube manje kunemikhiqizo engaphezu kuka-300, ngokusho kokuqukethwe kwe-acrylonitrile, ku-18% ~ 50% uhla lokuqukethwe kwe-acrylonitrile lungahlukaniswa lube: Okuqukethwe kwe-acrylonitrile kwakungama-42% okwedlulele. izinga eliphezulu le-nitrile, ama-36% kuya ku-41% ebangeni le-nitrile ephezulu, ama-31% kuya ku-35% ebangeni le-nitrile ephakathi, ama-25% kuya ku-30% ebangeni le-nitrile ephakathi, nangaphansi kwama-24% ebangeni le-nitrile ephansi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni ezinkulu uma kuqhathaniswa kuphansi kwe-nitrile grade nitrile -18 (kuhlanganiswe nokuqukethwe kwe-acrylonitrile engu-17% ~ 20%), i-nitrile grade nitrile ephakathi -26 (kuhlanganiswe nokuqukethwe kwe-acrylonitrile kuka-27% ~ 30%), i-butanitrile yebanga eliphakeme le-nitrile -40 (kuhlanganiswe nokuqukethwe kwe-acrylonitrile kwe-36% ~ 40%). Ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-acrylonitrile kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana kwamafutha kanye nokumelana nokushisa kwe-NBR, kodwa hhayi ngaphezulu okungcono, ngoba ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-acrylonitrile kuzophinde kunciphise ukusebenza okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa kwerabha. Injoloba ye-Nitrile butadiene isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni uwoyela we-hydraulic osuselwa ku-petroleum, uwoyela wokugcoba, uphalafini kanye nophethiloli emsebenzini wemikhiqizo yenjoloba izinga lokushisa layo lokusebenza lingama-degrees -50-100; Umsebenzi wesikhathi esifushane ungasetshenziselwa ama-degree angu-150, emoyeni kanye ne-ethanol glycerin ukushisa okusebenzayo kwe-antifreeze -45-100 degrees. Ukumelana nokuguga kwe-nitrile kumpofu, lapho ukuhlushwa kwe-ozone kuphezulu, kuzoguga ngokushesha futhi kuqhekeke, futhi akufanelekile umsebenzi wesikhathi eside emoyeni wokushisa okuphezulu, futhi angeke kusebenze kumafutha okumelana nomlilo we-hydraulic phosphate ester. Izici ezijwayelekile zomzimba zenjoloba ye-nitrile butadiene: (1) irabha ye-nitrile ngokuvamile imnyama, umbala ungashintshwa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zamakhasimende, kodwa kufanele ukhulise izindleko ezithile, futhi ungase uthinte ukusetshenziswa kwenjoloba. (2) Irabha ye-nitrile inokunambitheka kweqanda elibolile kancane. (3) Ngokwezici zokumelana nowoyela werabha ye-nitrile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwebanga lokushisa ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi impahla yophawu iyirabha ye-nitrile. Irabha ye-Silicone (Si noma i-VMQ) I-polymer eqondile eneyunithi yebhondi ye-Si-O (-Si-O-Si) njengeketango eliyinhloko kanye neqembu lezinto eziphilayo njengeqembu elihlangene. Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zezindiza, i-aerospace nezinye izimboni ezihamba phambili, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokushisa okuphezulu kanye nezinto zokuvala irabha ezimelana nokushisa okuphansi. Ukusetshenziswa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwemvelo, i-butadiene, i-chloroprene nezinye irabha evamile ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, ngakho-ke ekuqaleni kwawo-1940 e-United States izinkampani ezimbili zaqala ukubeka ekukhiqizeni irabha ye-dimethyl abicah, irabha yokuqala ye-silicone. Izwe lethu laphinde lacwaninga ngempumelelo futhi lafakwa ekukhiqizweni ekuqaleni kwawo-1960. Ngemuva kwamashumi eminyaka okuthuthukiswa, ukuhlukahluka, ukusebenza kanye nesivuno sejeli ye-silica kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu. Izici eziyinhloko ze-silica gel: (1) ukumelana nokushisa kwe-silica gel ukusebenza kokuqina kokushisa okuphezulu. Ingasetshenziswa ku-150 ℃ isikhathi eside, ukusebenza ngeke kushintshe kakhulu; Ingasebenza amahora angaphezu kuka-10,000 ngokuqhubekayo ku-200 ℃, futhi ingasetshenziswa ngisho isikhathi esifushane ku-350 ℃. (2) Ukumelana nokubanda Ijeli ye-phenyl silica ephansi kanye nejeli ye-phenyl silica emaphakathi inokunwebeka okuhle kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi lapho i-coefficient yokumelana nokubanda ingaphezu kuka-0.65 ku- -60 ℃ no -70 ℃. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lejeli ye-silica ngu -50 ℃. (3) ukumelana nowoyela kanye nokumelana kwamakhemikhali kwe-silica gel ku-ethanol, ** nezinye i-solvents ye-polar kanye nokubekezelelana kwamafutha okudla kuhle kakhulu, kubangela kuphela ukunwetshwa okuncane, izakhiwo zemishini ngeke zincishiswe; Ukubekezelela ijeli ye-silica ekugxilweni okuphansi kwe-asidi, i-alkali nosawoti nakho kuhle. Uma ifakwe ku-10% yesisombululo se-sulfuric acid izinsuku ezingu-7, izinga lokushintsha ivolumu lingaphansi kwe-1%, futhi izakhiwo zemishini azishintshile. Kodwa ijeli ye-silica ayimelani ne-concentrated sulfuric acid, i-alkali, i-carbon tetrachloride ne-toluene nezinye izincibilikisi ezingezona ze-polar. (4) ukumelana nokuguga okuqinile, ijeli ye-silica inokumelana ne-ozone okusobala futhi ukumelana nemisebe akufani nenjoloba evamile. (5) Izakhiwo ze-Dielectric Ijeli ye-silica ine-resisivity yevolumu ephezulu kakhulu (1014 ~ 1016 ω cm) futhi inani layo lokumelana lihlala lizinzile phezu kobubanzi obubanzi. Ifanele ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokufakelwa ngaphansi kwezimo zamandla kagesi aphezulu. (6) Ijeli ye-silica ebambezela ilangabi ngeke ishe ngokushesha uma kusha, futhi ukusha kwayo kukhiqiza igesi enobuthi obuncane, futhi imikhiqizo ngemva kokusha izokwakha i-ceramic evikelayo, ngakho ijeli ye-silica iyinto enhle kakhulu ebamba ilangabi. Ngokuhambisana nezici ezingenhla, ijeli ye-silica isetshenziswa *** * embonini yezinto zikagesi zasendlini noma izingxenye zenjoloba, njengegedlela likagesi, insimbi, izingxenye zenjoloba kuhhavini we-microwave; Izigxivizo noma izingxenye zenjoloba embonini ye-elekthronikhi, njengokhiye befoni ephathekayo, ama-shock pads kuma-DVD, ama-seal kumajoyinti ekhebula, njll.; Ama-seal kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezithinta umzimba womuntu, njengamabhodlela amanzi, iziphakeli zamanzi, njll. 3 Iglue e-fluorine (FKM noma i-Vtion) Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-fluorine elastomer, iyi-polymer ephezulu equkethe ama-athomu e-fluorine kuma-athomu ekhabhoni. iketango eliyinhloko kanye neketango laseceleni. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, i-United States kanye nezwe elaliyiSoviet Union baqala ukwenza ama-elastomer ane-fluorinated. Eyokuqala efakwe ekukhiqizweni yi-United States DuPont kanye ne-3M yenkampani i-vtionA kanye ne-KEL-F ngemva kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka yokuthuthukiswa, i-fluorine elastomer ekumelaneni nokushisa, ukumelana okuphakathi, ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nenqubo kanye nezinye izici zithole ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo, futhi zakha uchungechunge. kwemikhiqizo. I-fluorine glue inokumelana nokushisa okuhle kakhulu, ukumelana ne-ozone kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo zikawoyela we-hydraulic. Izinga lokushisa elisebenzayo emoyeni lingu -40 ~ 250 ℃, futhi izinga lokushisa elisebenzayo kuwoyela we-hydraulic lingu -40 ~ 180 ℃. Ngenxa yokucutshungulwa, ukubopha kanye nokusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kwerabha ye-fluorine kubi kunerabha evamile, intengo ibiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kakhulu emithonjeni yokushisa ephezulu ukuthi irabha evamile ayinakho, kodwa hhayi kwezinye izixazululo ze-phosphate ester. I-4 EPDM (EPDM) I-terpolymer ye-ethylene, i-propylene kanye nenani elincane le-diene alkenes engahlanganisiwe. Ngo-1957, i-Italy yabona ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kwerabha ye-ethylene ne-propylene copolymer (irabha kanambambili ye-EPC). Ngo-1963, i-DuPONT yengeza inani elincane le-diene eyindilinga engahlanganisiwe njenge-monomer yesithathu ngesisekelo se-ethylene propylene kanambambili, futhi yahlanganisa i-ethylene propylene ternary ephansi ephansi enamabhondi aphindwe kabili ochungechungeni lwemolekyuli. Ngenxa yokuthi umgogodla wamangqamuzana usagcwele, i-EPDM igcina izici ezinhle kakhulu ze-EPDM kanambambili ngenkathi ifinyelela inhloso yokuvuthwa. Irabha ye-Epdm inokumelana okuhle kakhulu kwe-ozone, ekugxilweni kwe-ozone ye-1 * 10-6 imvelo ayikaqhekeki amahora angu-2430; Ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle: ukuzinza okuhle kotshwala, i-asidi, i-alkali eqinile, izinto ezithinta i-oksijini, okokuhlanza, amafutha ezilwane nemifino, ama-ketones, namanye ama-lipids (kodwa kuwoyela osuselwa kuphethiloli osuselwa ku-petroleum, ukunwetshwa kukawoyela we-hydraulic kubi kakhulu, akukwazi ukusebenza ngokuthintana namafutha amaminerali. imvelo); Ukumelana nokushisa okuhle kakhulu, kungasetshenziswa ekushiseni -60 ~ 120 ℃ isikhathi eside; Inamandla okumelana namanzi kanye nekhono lokufaka ugesi. Umbala wemvelo werabha we-epdm uyi-beige, ukunwebeka okuhle. 5 I-polyurethane elastomer I-polymer eyenziwe nge-polyisocyanate ne-polyether polyol noma i-polyester polyol noma/kanye ne-molecule encane i-polyol, i-polyamine noma amanzi kanye nezinye izandiso zamaketango noma ama-crosslinkers. Ngo-1937, uProfesa Otto Bayer waseJalimane waqala ukuthola ukuthi i-polyurethane ingakhiqizwa ngokungezwa kwe-polisocyanate ne-polyol compounds, futhi ngalesi sisekelo, yangena ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni. Izinga lokushisa le-polyurethane elastomer lisuka ku- -45 ℃ liye ku-110 ℃. Inokuqina okuphezulu namandla, ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kokugqoka, ukumelana nowoyela, ukumelana nokukhathala kanye nokumelana nokushaqeka ezinhlobonhlobo zobunzima. Ikakhulukazi kuwoyela wokugcoba namafutha kaphethiloli, inokumelana okuhle nokuvuvukala futhi yaziwa ngokuthi "injoloba engagugi". I-polyurethane elastomer inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu okubanzi, isetshenziswe kwezensimbi, i-petroleum, izimoto, ukucubungula amaminerali, ukongiwa kwamanzi, izindwangu, ukuphrinta, ezokwelapha, ezemidlalo, ukucubungula ukudla, ukwakhiwa kanye neminye imikhakha yezimboni. I-6 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) I-Teflon (isifinyezo sesiNgisi esithi Teflon noma [PTFE,F4]), yaziwa ngokuthi/ngokuvamile yaziwa ngokuthi "inkosi yepulasitiki", amagama okuhweba aseShayina "Teflon", "Teflon" (Teflon), "Teflon", "Teflon ", "Teflon", "Teflon" nokunye. Yenziwe nge-tetrafluorethylene nge-polymerization yezinhlanganisela ze-polymer, ngokuzinza kwamakhemikhali okuhle kakhulu, ukumelana nokugqwala (kungenye yezinto eziphikisana nokugqwala kwezwe kuyizinto ezinhle kakhulu, ngaphezu kwensimbi encibilikisiwe ye-sodium ne-fluorine ewuketshezi, ingamelana nawo wonke amanye amakhemikhali, abilayo emanzini. i-rega ayikwazi ukushintshwa, *** isetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zesidingo sokumelana ne-asidi ne-alkali nezincibilikisi ze-organic), ukubekwa uphawu, ukugcotshwa okuphezulu okunganamatheli, ukufakwa kukagesi nokukhuthazela okuhle kokuguga, ukumelana nokushisa okuhle kakhulu (kungasebenza ku + 250℃ kuya -180℃ izinga lokushisa isikhathi eside). I-Teflon ngokwayo ayinabo ubuthi kubantu, kodwa i-ammonium perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), enye yezinto ezingavuthiwe ezisetshenziswa enqubweni yokukhiqiza, kucatshangwa ukuthi ingaba yingozi. Izinga lokushisa lingu-20 ~ 250℃ (-4 ~ +482°F), livumela ukupholisa okungazelelwe nokufudumeza kungazelelwe, noma ukushintshanisa ukusebenza okushisayo nokubanda. Ingcindezi -0.1 ~ 6.4Mpa (I-vacuum ephelele ukuya ku-64kgf/cm2)