Babban kayan yumbu don aikace-aikacen sabis masu buƙata

Muna amfani da kukis don haɓaka ƙwarewar ku. Ta ci gaba da bincika wannan gidan yanar gizon, kun yarda da amfani da kukis. Karin bayani.
Babu takamaiman ma'anar sabis mai tsauri. Ana iya fahimtar yanayin aiki inda farashin maye gurbin bawul ya yi girma ko kuma an rage ƙarfin aiki.
Akwai buƙatar duniya don rage farashin samar da tsari don haɓaka ribar duk sassan da ke cikin yanayin sabis mara kyau. Wadannan sun hada da man fetur da iskar gas da kayayyakin sinadarai zuwa makamashin nukiliya da samar da wutar lantarki, sarrafa ma'adinai da hakar ma'adinai.
Masu zane-zane da injiniyoyi suna ƙoƙarin cimma wannan burin ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa ita ce ƙara lokacin aiki da inganci ta hanyar sarrafa sigogin tsari yadda ya kamata (kamar ingantaccen rufewa da ingantaccen sarrafa kwarara).
Har ila yau, inganta tsaro yana taka muhimmiyar rawa, saboda rage sauyawa zai iya haifar da yanayin samar da lafiya. Bugu da ƙari, kamfanin yana aiki don rage yawan kayan aiki, ciki har da famfo da bawuloli, da zubar da ake bukata. A lokaci guda, masu kayan aiki suna tsammanin babban canji a cikin kadarorin su. Sakamakon haka, haɓaka ƙarfin sarrafawa yana haifar da ƙarancin bututu da kayan aiki (amma manyan diamita) da ƙarancin kayan aiki don rafin samfur iri ɗaya.
Wannan yana nuna cewa baya ga zama ya fi girma don diamita mai faɗi mai faɗi, ɓangaren tsarin guda ɗaya kuma yana buƙatar jure tsayin daka zuwa matsananciyar yanayi don rage buƙatar kulawa a cikin sabis da sauyawa.
Abubuwan da suka haɗa da bawuloli da ƙwallon bawul suna buƙatar zama masu ƙarfi don dacewa da aikace-aikacen da ake buƙata, amma kuma suna iya samar da rayuwar sabis mai tsayi. Koyaya, babbar matsala tare da yawancin aikace-aikacen ita ce sassan ƙarfe sun kai iyakar aikin su. Wannan yana nuna cewa masu zanen kaya na iya samun madadin kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba, musamman kayan yumbu, don buƙatar aikace-aikacen sabis.
Matsaloli na yau da kullun da ake buƙata don sarrafa abubuwan da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin sabis mai tsanani sun haɗa da juriyar girgiza zafi, juriyar lalata, juriyar gajiya, tauri, ƙarfi, da tauri.
Juriya shine maɓalli mai mahimmanci, saboda abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfi na iya yin kasala da bala'i. An bayyana taurin kayan yumbu a matsayin juriya ga yaduwa. A wasu lokuta, ana iya auna ta ta hanyar amfani da hanyar shiga, wanda ke haifar da ƙima mai girma na wucin gadi. Yin amfani da katako mai gefe guda ɗaya na iya samar da ma'auni daidai.
Ƙarfi yana da alaƙa da tauri, amma yana nufin wuri ɗaya wanda abu ya gaza da bala'i lokacin da ake amfani da damuwa. An fi kiransa da "modulus of rupture" kuma ana auna shi ta hanyar yin ma'aunin ƙarfin lanƙwasa maki uku ko huɗu akan sandar gwaji. Gwajin maki uku yana ba da ƙimar da ta fi 1% sama da gwajin maki huɗu.
Kodayake ana iya auna taurin tare da ma'auni iri-iri ciki har da Rockwell da Vickers, ma'aunin microhardness na Vickers ya dace da kayan yumbu na ci gaba. Taurin kai tsaye yayi daidai da juriyar lalacewa na kayan.
A cikin bawul ɗin da ke aiki a cikin hanyar hawan keke, gajiya shine babbar matsala saboda ci gaba da buɗewa da rufewa na bawul. Gajiya ita ce ƙofa mai ƙarfi, bayan abin da kayan zai sau da yawa kasa ƙasa da ƙarfin lanƙwasawa na yau da kullun.
Juriya na lalata ya dogara da yanayin aiki da matsakaicin da ke ɗauke da kayan. A cikin wannan filin, yawancin kayan yumbu na ci gaba suna da fa'ida akan karafa, sai dai "lalacewar hydrothermal", wanda ke faruwa lokacin da wasu kayan tushen zirconia ke fallasa zuwa tururi mai zafi.
Sashe na geometry, madaidaicin faɗaɗawar thermal, thermal conductivity, tauri da ƙarfi suna shafar girgizar zafi. Wannan yanki ne mai dacewa da haɓakar zafin jiki mai ƙarfi da tauri, don haka sassan ƙarfe na iya aiki yadda ya kamata. Koyaya, ci gaba a cikin kayan yumbura yanzu suna ba da matakan karɓuwa na juriyar girgiza zafi.
An yi amfani da manyan yumbura na shekaru da yawa kuma suna shahara tsakanin injiniyoyi masu aminci, injiniyoyin shuka da masu zanen bawul waɗanda ke buƙatar babban aiki da ƙima. Dangane da ƙayyadaddun buƙatun aikace-aikacen, akwai nau'ikan ƙirar mutum daban-daban waɗanda suka dace da masana'antu da yawa. Koyaya, yumbu na ci gaba guda huɗu suna da mahimmanci a fagen manyan bawul ɗin sabis. Sun hada da silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), alumina da zirconia. An zaɓi kayan aikin bawul da ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa bisa ga takamaiman buƙatun aikace-aikacen.
Ana amfani da manyan nau'ikan zirconia guda biyu a cikin bawuloli, duka biyun suna da daidaitaccen haɓakar haɓakar thermal da tauri kamar ƙarfe. Magnesium oxide partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ) yana da mafi girman juriya na girgiza zafin zafi da tauri, yayin da yttrium oxide tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ya fi ƙarfi da ƙarfi, amma yana da saurin lalacewa ta hydrothermal.
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) yana da tsari daban-daban. Silicon nitride (GPPSN) shine abin da aka fi amfani dashi don bawuloli da abubuwan bawul. Bugu da ƙari ga matsakaita taurinsa, yana kuma ba da ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfi, kyakkyawan juriya na zafin zafi da kwanciyar hankali na thermal. Bugu da ƙari, Si3N4 ya dace da maye gurbin zirconia a cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi don hana lalacewar hydrothermal.
Lokacin da kasafin kuɗi ya yi ƙarfi, ƙayyadaddun bayanai na iya zaɓar silicon carbide ko alumina. Dukansu kayan suna da babban taurin, amma ba su da wuya fiye da zirconia ko silicon nitride. Wannan yana nuna cewa kayan sun dace sosai don aikace-aikacen sassa na tsaye, irin su ginshiƙan bawul da kujerun bawul, maimakon ƙwallon bawul ko fayafai waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin matsin lamba.
Idan aka kwatanta da kayan ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da su a cikin aikace-aikacen bawul ɗin sabis (ciki har da ferrochrome (CrFe), tungsten carbide, Hastelloy da Stellite), kayan yumbu na ci gaba suna da ƙarancin ƙarfi da ƙarfi iri ɗaya.
Aikace-aikacen sabis mai tsanani sun haɗa da amfani da bawul ɗin rotary, kamar bawul ɗin malam buɗe ido, trunnions, bawuloli masu iyo, da bawul ɗin bazara. A cikin irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen, Si3N4 da zirconia suna nuna juriya na girgiza zafin zafi, ƙarfi da ƙarfi don daidaitawa ga mafi yawan wuraren da ake buƙata. Saboda taurin da juriya na lalata kayan aiki, rayuwar sabis na sassan ya karu sau da yawa fiye da na sassan karfe. Sauran fa'idodin sun haɗa da halayen aikin bawul ɗin a tsawon rayuwarsa, musamman a wuraren da yake kiyaye ƙarfin rufewa da sarrafawa.
An nuna wannan a cikin aikace-aikacen inda 65 mm (2.6 in) valve kynar / RTFE ball da liner aka fallasa zuwa 98% sulfuric acid da ilmenite, wanda ake canzawa zuwa launi na titanium oxide. Lalacewar yanayin kafofin watsa labarai yana nufin cewa waɗannan abubuwan zasu iya wucewa har zuwa makonni shida. Koyaya, yin amfani da datsa bawul ɗin ƙwallon ƙwallon da Nilcra ya yi!” (Hoto 1), wanda shine mallakar mallakar magnesium oxide partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ), yana da kyakkyawan taurin da juriya na lalata kuma yana iya ba da sabis na shekaru uku na rashin katsewa ba tare da wani ganowa ba. lalacewa da tsagewa.
A cikin bawuloli masu layi ciki har da bawuloli na kusurwa, magudanar ruwa ko globe valves, zirconia da silicon nitride sun dace da matosai na bawul da kujerun bawul, godiya ga halayen "wurin zama" na waɗannan samfurori. Hakazalika, ana iya amfani da alumina don wasu gaskets da cages. Ta hanyar daidaita bukukuwan niƙa a kan wurin zama na bawul, ana iya samun babban matakin rufewa.
Don rufin bawul, gami da madaidaicin bawul, mashiga da fita ko rufin jikin bawul, ana iya amfani da kowane ɗayan manyan kayan yumbu guda huɗu bisa ga buƙatun aikace-aikace. Babban taurin da juriya na lalata abu ya tabbatar da cewa yana da fa'ida dangane da aikin samfur da rayuwar sabis.
Ɗauki bawul ɗin malam buɗe ido DN150 da aka yi amfani da shi a matatar bauxite ta Australiya a matsayin misali. Babban abun ciki na silica a cikin matsakaici yana ba da babban matakin lalacewa a kan layin bawul. Gaskets da fayafai da farko da aka yi amfani da su an yi su ne da kashi 28% na CrFe kuma suna iya ɗaukar makonni takwas zuwa goma kawai. Duk da haka, tare da bawuloli da aka yi da Nilcra!" zirconia (Figure 2), rayuwar sabis ya karu zuwa makonni 70.
Saboda taurinsa da ƙarfinsa, yumbu yana aiki da kyau a yawancin aikace-aikacen bawul. Koyaya, taurinsu da juriya na lalata sune ke taimakawa haɓaka rayuwar bawul ɗin. Wannan kuma yana rage tsadar rayuwar rayuwar gaba ɗaya ta hanyar rage lokacin da za a maye gurbin ɓangarorin, rage jarin aiki da ƙididdiga, ƙarancin kulawa da hannu, da haɓaka aminci ta hanyar rage ɗigo.
Na dogon lokaci, aikace-aikacen kayan yumbura a cikin bawuloli masu ƙarfi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke damun su, saboda waɗannan bawul ɗin suna ƙarƙashin babban nauyin axial ko torsional. Koyaya, manyan 'yan wasa a wannan filin yanzu suna haɓaka ƙirar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa don haɓaka tsirar karfin tuƙi.
Sauran babban iyakance shine sikeli. Girman kujerar bawul mafi girma da kuma ball ball mafi girma (Hoto 3) wanda aka samar ta wani yanki mai daidaita magnesia zirconia shine DN500 da DN250, bi da bi. Koyaya, yawancin masu ƙira a halin yanzu sun fi son abubuwan yumbu na waɗannan masu girma dabam.
Kodayake kayan yumbura yanzu an tabbatar da su zama zaɓi mai dacewa, har yanzu akwai wasu ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi don bi don haɓaka aikin sa. Ya kamata a fara amfani da kayan yumbura kawai lokacin da ake buƙatar kiyaye ƙarancin kuɗi. Ya kamata a guji sasanninta masu kaifi da damuwa a ciki da waje.
Dole ne a yi la'akari da duk wani rashin daidaituwa na haɓakar zafi yayin lokacin ƙira. Don rage damuwa na hoop, dole ne a ajiye yumbu a waje, ba a ciki ba. A ƙarshe, ya kamata a yi la'akari da buƙatar juriya na geometric da ƙarewa a hankali, saboda waɗannan za su ƙara yawan farashin da ba dole ba.
Ta bin waɗannan jagororin da mafi kyawun ayyuka don zaɓar kayan aiki da daidaitawa tare da masu kaya daga farkon aikin, yana yiwuwa a cimma madaidaicin mafita ga kowane aikace-aikacen sabis mai ƙarfi.
An samo wannan bayanin daga kayan da Morgan Advanced Materials ya bayar kuma an sake dubawa kuma an daidaita su.
Manyan Materials-Technical Ceramics. (2019, Nuwamba 28). Babban kayan yumbu don aikace-aikacen sabis masu buƙata. AzoM. An dawo daga https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305 ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2021.
Manyan Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Kayan yumbu na ci gaba don aikace-aikacen sabis na buƙata". AzoM. Disamba 7, 2021. .
Manyan Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Kayan yumbu na ci gaba don aikace-aikacen sabis na buƙata". AzoM. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305. (An shiga ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2021).
Manyan Materials-Technical Ceramics. 2019. Babban kayan yumbu don aikace-aikacen sabis na buƙata. AZoM, an duba ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2021, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305.
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