jefa baƙin ƙarfe wafer nau'in duba bawul pn16

Haɗa masu yanke shawara zuwa cibiyar sadarwa mai ƙarfi na bayanai, mutane da ra'ayoyi, Bloomberg yana ba da bayanan kasuwanci da kuɗi, labarai da fahimta a duniya tare da sauri da daidaito Haɗa masu yanke shawara zuwa cibiyar sadarwa mai ƙarfi na bayanai, mutane da ra'ayoyi, Bloomberg yana ba da bayanan kasuwanci da kuɗi, labarai da fahimta a duniya tare da sauri da daidaito Inventor Buckminster Fuller sau ɗaya ya bayyana ci gaban fasaha a matsayin "ephemeral." Hasken rana da iska suna maye gurbin kwal da mai a matsayin tushen makamashi, alamu sun fi mahimmanci ga kasuwanci fiye da gine-gine, kuma kudaden fiat sun maye gurbin zinariya da azurfa. Don haka yana da kyau a kammala cewa Tebur na lokaci-lokaci-ƙasasshen abubuwa na zahiri kamar su jan karfe, ƙarfe, mercury, da sulfur—ya tsufa kuma ba shi da alaƙa da na'urar bugun hannu. sai dai idan akasin haka. Abubuwa har yanzu suna da mahimmanci.A ranar cika shekaru 150 da ƙirƙirar tebur na lokaci-lokaci ta masanin kimiyyar Rasha Dmitri Mendeleev, yana da mahimmanci fiye da kowane lokaci. karanta ƙarin Masana kimiyya sun daɗe suna neman rarraba abubuwan da aka sani: a cikin 1789, Antoine Lavoisier ya rarraba. A shekara ta 1808, John Dalton yana lissafta su da nauyin atomic. A 1864, John Newlands ya ba da shawarar dokar octaves, yana mai da'awar cewa kowane octave na abubuwa yana da irin wannan kaddarorin. An haifi Mendeleev a Tobolsk, Siberiya, a shekara ta 1834, a cikin yara goma sha biyu mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma ya sauke karatu daga babbar cibiyar ilimi a St. Petersburg a shekara ta 1855. Ya karanta ilimin sunadarai a Heidelberg da Paris kafin ya sami digiri na uku a garinsu kuma ya zama mai kula da ilimin kimiyya. Farfesa a Jami'ar Imperial ta St. Petersburg.Ba ya gamsu da littattafan ilmin sunadarai na inorganic na Rasha da ake da su, ya yanke shawarar rubuta ɗaya da kansa. Littattafan Mendeleev daga 1869 dukansu sun jera abubuwan da ke faruwa na lokaci-lokaci kuma sun yi hasashen sararin abubuwan da ba a tantance su ba. Tare da gano gallium a 1875, scandium a 1879, da germanium a 1886, ka'idar da ke cikin tebur ta tabbata daidai. Karɓar ilimin kimiyya na waɗannan ka'idodin ya haɓaka nazarin duniyar zahiri da aikace-aikacen masana'antu da kasuwanci.Mendeleev da kansa ya shiga cikin binciken hanyoyin da suka danganci kwal, mai har ma da samar da cuku na Rasha a lokacin tsarin zamani na zamani na Rasha. Teburin ya ɗan canza tun lokacin da ya mutu da mura a 1907, amma ƙungiyarsa ta wanzu.Kowane kashi yana da alamar sinadarai mai haruffa ɗaya ko biyu, yawanci ana samo shi daga sunansa na gama gari, amma wani lokacin daga wani yare, ana yin su. zinariya, kamar "Au" daga Latin aurum. Lambar atomic tana wakiltar protons a tsakiya. Standard atomic talakawa wani lokaci ana ba da shi zuwa wurare masu yawa na decimal, tare da lambobi a cikin baka a yanayin isotope mafi tsawo. Wadannan ginshiƙan suna nuna abubuwa masu kama da sinadarai iri ɗaya. Misali, ƙarfe na alkali da aka nuna a shafi na farko na hagu suna da electron guda ɗaya a cikin harsashi na waje don haka suna da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa musamman tare da halogen, kuma a shafi na biyu a dama, suna da electrons guda bakwai a cikin harsashi na waje kuma rashin kammala shi yana buƙatar electron guda ɗaya. Wannan shine yadda muke samun mahadi kamar sodium chloride (gishirin tebur) da potassium iodide, wanda ke taimakawa kare thyroid daga radiation. Shafi na dama yana nuna iskar gas masu daraja waɗanda harsashin wutar lantarki na waje ba su da ƙarfi, wanda ke sa yawancin waɗannan abubuwan amfani da haske, tunda ba sa amsawa da sauran abubuwan. yin teburin rashin gaskiya. Mendeleev bai sami komai daidai ba: ya yi imanin cewa abubuwa sun bambanta kuma sun ƙi ra'ayin cewa suna da ginshiƙan ginin iri ɗaya. Har ila yau, ya yi wani lamari mai rikitarwa cewa ether wani abu ne. yayi la'akari da wanda ya kirkiro shi a yau - da kuma dalilin da ya sa ake bikin cika shekaru 50 a matsayin shekara ta duniya na Tebur na lokaci-lokaci.--Joanna Ozinger Shekaru da yawa, juyin juya halin baturi na hydrogen ya kasance a cikin shekaru 10. Amma a matsayin Turai na 1 na wutar lantarki, Norway Masu fafutuka sun ce man fetur din zai kara yin takara yayin da samar da iskar hydrogen da ake sabuntawa ke karuwa, wanda zai zama wani muhimmin bangare na makoma mai kyau. Ɗaya daga cikin tasirin da ya daɗe a kan man hydrogen shine cewa ana buƙatar burbushin mai sau da yawa don samar da shi. Wannan ba haka ba ne a tashar iska ta Berlevag ko birnin Trondheim na Norway, inda wani ma'aikacin kamfanin Scania AB na Sweden ke aiki a kan hydrogen. na'urorin lantarki da tankunan ajiya da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar hasken rana. Na'urar hydrogen za ta yi amfani da tarin manyan motoci da na'urorin tafi da gidanka da ASKO mai sayar da kayan masarufi ke gwadawa. A yanzu, duk da haka, mafi ƙazanta nau'ikan samar da hydrogen har yanzu yana da ƙasa da rabin na abubuwan da za a iya sabuntawa. Wannan wani ciwon kai ne ga gwamnatin Norway, wacce ke shirin dakatar da siyar da motocin da ake amfani da man fetur nan da shekara ta 2025, kuma tana sa ran motocin da ke samar da iskar hydrogen 500,000. hanyoyin kasar a cikin 'yan shekaru kadan. A kalla, wannan yana nufin karin masu amfani da lantarki a wurare kamar Berlevag. Idan karni na 20 shine zamanin injunan konewa na ciki, karni na 21 na batir ne. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, batir na iya zama tushen wutar lantarki ga motoci da manyan motoci, har ma ya zama ruwan dare a cikin jirage masu saukar ungulu da jiragen sama.Idan aka kwatanta da su. Magabatan keken golf, motocin lantarki na yau na iya kaiwa ga abin ban dariya yayin da suke fitar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska fiye da cinye iskar gas.Suna da sauƙin kera, kuma ana iya sake sarrafa batir ɗinsu.Masu kera motoci, daga General Motors zuwa BMW, suna kashe biliyoyin daloli akan sufurin kore. .Amma wannan yunƙurin ya zo da nasa hatsarori na muhalli, kuma ana ƙara matsa lamba don tabbatar da cewa kamfanoni sun samo muhimman abubuwan da suka dace.Kamar masana'antar mai, EVs za su fada cikin tarko iri ɗaya, kuma duk yana da sauƙi.A cikin wannan batu. , Mun bincika albarkatun da ke cikin batura, daga lithium zuwa cobalt zuwa zinc, don ganin yadda kwatankwacin koren su ya kwatanta. Ya fi qarfe ƙarfi, ya fi aluminium haske, mai ƙarancin gaske, kuma mai guba idan an shaka, ana keɓe beryllium don aikace-aikacen fasaha na zamani kamar na'urorin X-ray, jiragen sama, injin nukiliya, da makamai. Amma a cikin 1990s, tsohon dan wasan triathlete Chris Hinshaw ya ga damar kasuwa: kekuna. Kamfaninsa na San Jose, Beyond Beryllium Fabrications, yana yin kusan kekuna 100 daga karfe. Yawancin ana yin su ne daga aluminum-beryllium gami da sayar da kusan $ 1,900; Makamai-grade beryllium ana siyar da kusan $30,000. Abokan ciniki sun haɗa da tauraron wasan ƙwallon baseball Pepper Davis. Bayan ’yan shekaru, Hinshaw ya daina kera kekuna na beryllium domin babban mai ba da kayansa, wani kamfanin hakar ma’adinai da matatun mai na Rasha, ya zama ba abin dogaro ba.” “Lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta ruguje, nan da nan muka gane cewa ba mu da abubuwan da suka dace ba don samar da kayayyaki kawai ba, amma kuma ba mu da ingantattun kayayyakin more rayuwa. don samar bisa ga ka'idoji da tsammanin da masana'antar kekuna ta gindaya," in ji shi. A cikin fitowarmu ta Oktoba 20, 1956, BusinessWeek ya annabta "sabbin amfani da yawa masu ban sha'awa" ga boron, musamman ma a cikin man jet. Bayan 'yan shekaru, masana kimiyya sun gane cewa man fetur na boron yana da guba sosai kuma yana da haɗari ga konewa na gaggawa. An yi sa'a, boron. ya ci gaba da taka rawa a yawan adadin wasu samfurori, ciki har da kayan wanke-wanke, takin mai magani da allon LCD. Mun kasance daidai a ƙarshe, kawai ba don dalilan da muke tunani ba. Babu wani abu da zai canza yadda kuke yin kofi na kofi, duk da kayan yaji na kabewa. An gasa wake, ƙasa, sa'an nan kuma a jiƙa da ruwa tare da ko ba tare da matsawa ba. Amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kofi na kofi na yau da kullum ya sami babban sabuntawa: nitrogen maras kyau. Ana zub da kofi a cikin kofi don ƙara kumfa da kuma ƙaramin alamar zaƙi. Kyakkyawan nitro sanyi mai kyau yana kama da giya mai ban sha'awa tare da kumfa mai laushi a saman. Bisa ga labarin da aka fi sani da asali, tun lokacin da kofi na farko da aka zuba daga wani famfo Austin a kusa da 2012. , Ya zama babban kofi na kofi da kuma motsa jiki a cikin nau'in kofi na dala biliyan 4.1 da aka shirya don sha. Portland, Ore. tushen sarkar ƙasa Stumptown Coffee Roasters Inc. ya fara ba da giya nitro gwangwani a cikin 2015 bayan ƙoƙarin fitar da wani daftarin aiki.Yana sayar da kusan gwangwani miliyan 2 a shekara kuma shine samfur mafi girma na kamfanin. Tun da farko, shugaban masu shayarwa Brent Wolczynski ya ce, “Tsarin ya kasance na DIY sosai. Za mu sanya gurasar sanyi a cikin kwali, mu buge shi da matsi mai ƙarfi sosai, mu ba shi girgiza. Yanzu tsarin ya kai ga gwaji na kimiyya mai ban tsoro: Kowane kwalba yana sanye da ƙaramin widget ɗin filastik wanda ke riƙe da iskar nitrogen a ciki. Buɗe mai iya nuna kofi ga matsa lamba na yanayi, tura iskar nitrogen kuma ta hanyar kofi. Sakamakon shine jerin jerin. ƙananan kumfa waɗanda ke bayyana lokacin da kuke zubawa. La Colombe Coffee Roasters wani babban alama ne wanda ya haɗa da iskar oxygen, ma'adinin tebur na lokaci-lokaci na nitrogen, a cikin sigar sa. Ana yin lattes ɗin lattes da nitrous oxide (N2O), wani fili da aka sani da iskar gas ɗin dariya kuma ana amfani da shi don motsa gwangwani na kirim mai tsami. A al'ada bawul isar da irin kumfa yawanci samu a cikin zafi lattes cikin sanyi abin sha.N2O kumfa ya dade fiye da nitro kumfa da kuma haifar da wani karin kirim mai tsami texture da karin furta zaƙi.La Colombe ko da ikon mallakar ikonsa. Starbucks, wani babban suna a cikin kofi na kofi, ya sanar da cewa nitro sanyi na ruwa zai kasance a duk fadin kasar a karshen shekara. Ba abin mamaki ba, zai kasance a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban da kuma ƙare, irin su daya tare da "Cascara Cold Foam". " da kuma wani tare da "Sweet Cream." Akwai ma kabewa cream sanyi daga. Fasahar hangen nesa ta dare ta zama abin dogaro kuma ta yaɗu, wanda kowa ke amfani da shi tun daga sojoji zuwa masu kallon tsuntsaye.Duk da karuwar shaharar hanyoyin dijital, haɓaka haske ya kasance daidaitattun masana'antar.Lokacin da hasken wata ya haskaka daga wani abu ya shiga cikin waɗannan na'urori masu ƙarfin baturi, yana wucewa ta cikin Lens da kuma cikin tube intensifier hoto.Sai photocathode ya mayar da hasken zuwa electrons, wanda ake karawa da wani electron multiplier da kuma nuna a kan phosphor allon don samar da wani bayyane image.-E.Tamikin Light ya kasance babban mai daukar hoto a ko da yaushe ya damu. a tsakiyar karni na 19, aikin kamawa da samar da haske yana da yawa. A shekara ta 1864, ’yan’uwa Alfred, ’ya’yan ’ya’yan masana kimiyya na Burtaniya, sun fara gwaji da wata fitacciyar fitila mai walƙiya—hasali ma fitila mai ƙonewa da ƙarfe. Makullin shine magnesium, ƙarfe na azurfa mai haske sosai. A lamba 12 akan tebur na lokaci-lokaci, kusa da saman hagu, yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da shi a duniya, amma ba a taɓa samun shi a cikin tsarkinsa ba. A kan kansa, magnesium yana ƙonewa. a hankali kuma a sarari, kuma yana fitar da haske tsaka tsaki -- babu shudi ko rawaya sheen. ’Yan’uwan suka ɗauki wani bulo na ma’adinan magnesium, suka jiƙa shi da acid, suka haɗa shi da gishiri, suka ƙone shi, suka ƙwace ruwan daɗaɗɗen ruwan da ya ƙafe. wick.Ya ajiye wannan wutar da za a iya sarrafa ta kusa da babbar kyamarar akwatinsa kuma ya ɗauki hoto a cikin ɗakin studio ɗinsa." Daga yanzu, zai yi wuya mutane su ɓoye kansu daga kyamarar. A da mun kasance lafiya bayan faɗuwar rana, amma ba kuma, "wani ɗan jarida mazaunin Landan ya rubuta a cikin The Criterion. Ba da da ewa ba, masu fafutuka kamar Charles Piazzi Smyth sun ɗauki magnesium akan hanya don yin fim na farko na wuraren kogo da cikin Babban Pyramid na Giza. A cikin shekarun 1880, hasken ya tashi daga akwatin kayan aikin mai bincike zuwa akwatin kayan aikin jarida. A cewar rahotanni, Jacob Riis, mai daukar hoto na New York Evening News a lokacin, ya karanta labarin game da mai yin foda na Jamus kuma ya amsa "tare da kukan da ya ba matata mamaki."... sun sami hanya, yana aiki, ɗaukar hotuna ta hanyar tocila. Reese ya sayi bindiga mai walƙiya - wanda ya kunna foda na magnesium a cikin bindigar - kuma ya ɗauke shi tare da shi don harba gidaje masu duhu a New York's Lower East Side.Ba tare da magnesium ba, ba za a sami salon rayuwa ga sauran rabin ba. Jessie Tarbox Beals ma ba ya daukar hotuna na gida, Jessie Tarbox Beals malami ne mai daukar hoto wanda ya harbi farkon karni na 20 Portrait of a New Yorker. Kamar yadda masanin tarihi Kate Flint ya rubuta a cikin "Flash! Matar da ba a bayyana sunanta ba tana zaune kan kujeran kicin rike da wani jariri tsirara a hannunta, yanayinta ya misaltu kuma a gajiye take, ita da ‘ya’yanta sun yi cuku-cuku da su a tsakanin kujerun da ba su dace ba, da kwandunan apple da aka sawa, da murhun karfe, da tulu, tulu da kwalabe da faranti da aka jera a budaddiyar katifa. Kalanda da rags da ke rataye a kan bango duk suna da datti. Ka yi la'akari da fashe fashe na fim ɗin paparazzi a tsakiyar karni na 20. Dan Tidwell ya fara aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto a lokacin kwanakinsa na ƙarshe a cikin Haske. A cikin 1965, yana da shekaru 20, an ɗauke shi hayar don rubuta wani aikin tarihi kusa da Sacramento: matakin gwaji na ƙarshe na shirin Apollo na NASA. Kamara Tidwell ya zaɓi babban tsari ne na Graflex 4x5 tare da babban walƙiya a hannun dama. A daya daga cikin hotunan nasa, wasu mutane hudu sanye da fararen kaya da manyan huluna sun tsaya a gaban wata katuwar roka. A hannun dama, tarin wayoyi, bututu da balloons suna murzawa cikin inuwar baki da launin toka. A hagu, walƙiya yana haɗuwa Tufafin maza, lanƙwasa ƙusa na roka, da bangon rataye a cikin jirgin sama mai bleached. A kwanakin nan, wannan ƙaya mai ban mamaki ba ta shahara ba. Kowanne baƙo ya riƙe wayarta ta wayar hannu.Mun ci gaba da harbi ba tare da walƙiya ba tun bayan faɗuwar rana, yana nuna fifikon fifiko ga gefuna masu hankali.Sai dai amfani da filashin lokaci-lokaci da masu daukar hoto na bikin aure ke katse yanayin duhunmu.Ya danna na'urar a jikin kyamarar ya danna maɓallin. shutter.Babu fashewar fashe-fashe ko hayaƙin ƙarfe - kawai ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar hasken magnesium. Launin ƙarfe da aka nuna akan murfin wannan batu shine Pantone 877 C, wanda ingancinsa mai haske ya fito daga flakes na aluminum wanda aka gauraya cikin tawada. A cikin fashewar hydraulic, ko fashewar na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, masu aikin motsa jiki suna fitar da wani abu mai ɗanɗano, ɗanɗano, ɗan ɗanɗanowa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba a cikin rijiyar, wanda ya farfasa dutsen da ke ƙasa kuma ya saki ajiyar mai da iskar gas da aka kama. Tashoshin da aka samu ana buɗe su ta amfani da barbashi na "proppant" da aka dakatar a cikin rijiyar. ruwa mai karyewa.Mafi yawan proppant shine yashi. Fracking yanzu shine mafi yawan mabukaci na yashi na Amurka. Ba kowane yashi kawai zai yi ba: Yashi mafi kyau yana da zagaye, hatsi iri ɗaya da abun ciki na silica, yana sa su da wuyar jure kamawa tsakanin manyan duwatsu. ya dogara da hako miliyoyin ton na yashi,” in ji wata kasida daga mai ba da kayayyaki Hi-Crush Inc., “da kuma mayar da shi cikin ƙasa.” Mafi kyawun yashi na frac sun fito ne daga tsakiyar Midwest. Arewa White da Ottawa White suna da daraja don kasancewa ba tare da datti ba. Jiragen jirage da jiragen ruwa suna ɗaukar yashi kudu zuwa Basin Permian da gabas zuwa Marcellus Shale. Kamar yadda masana'antar ta girma, masu aikin haƙori. Ƙoƙarin rage farashin sufuri ya mayar da hankalinsu ga wuraren da ba su da ƙarfi, da yin tono cikin yashi mafi talauci na Oklahoma da haƙar ma'adinan dunes na West Texas. Motocin baya da masu lodi suna dibar yashi daga ramuka mara zurfi.Ana wanke hatsin, a jera su da girma ta hanyar tacewa da centrifuges, sannan a bushe a cikin ganguna.Wani lokaci yashi a lullube shi da resin don kara karfi. Drillers suna adana yashi a wurin a cikin silos ko wasu kwantena. Idan an buƙata, ana haɗe shi da ruwa, sinadarai da masu kauri kamar guar gum a cikin babban na'ura mai haɗaɗɗiya da babbar motar da aka zubar. Tun lokacin da aka haɓaka a cikin 1909, takin mai magani ya taimaka wajen ciyar da duniya. Amma lalacewarsa a duniya yana ƙara tada hankali.Manoma a Cibiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Stone Barn a Tarrytown, NY, sun jagoranci hanyar hakin muhalli.A kan fiye da 400 acres na Filayen da dangin Rockefeller suka ba da, shanu, tumaki, awaki, alade da kaji suna juya amfanin gona a wuraren kiwo daban-daban, kuma takin su ma babban tushen taki ne. Daraktan gonakin Stone Barns Jack Algiere ya ce phosphorus, wani muhimmin sinadari na taki na dabbobi, shi ne. daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da hankali akan dukiya.Ya kira shi steroid na mulkin shuka - hade da nitrogen da potassium, zai iya juya zucchini mai tawali'u a cikin wani samfurin mai ban mamaki. Dan Barber, shugaba kuma mai haɗin gwiwar mallakar Blue Hill a gidan cin abinci na Stone Barns, yana so ya tabbatar da cewa manoma za su iya ci gaba da cin riba idan sun daina abin da ya kira "rashin gina jiki guda ɗaya" tare da abubuwa kamar phosphorus da nitrogen. Yawancin komai, wuce gona da iri na phosphorus yana da illa. Ruwan da ke ɗauke da taki yana lalata hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakar algae da ciyawa. Yankin Westchester, inda Stone Barn yake, ya haramta takin phosphate na kasuwanci saboda barazanar da yake haifarwa ga yanayin kogin Hudson. phosphorus da aka samo asali ba shi da narkewa - kuma ba a hana shi ba - don haka Dutsen Barn ya bayyana. Akwai wani lokaci - 2017 - lokacin da Brexit ya zama kamar ya rataye a kan kajin da aka wanke da chlorine. An haramta aikin haifuwa a Turai amma ya zama ruwan dare a Amurka, wanda ya dage ba zai sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da Birtaniya bayan EU ba. ba ya hada da kaji. Bayan shekaru biyu, Firayim Minista, kuma daga baya babu Brexit, yiwuwar zuwan tsuntsayen chlorinated har yanzu yana fusatar da "raguwa". Yunkurin da Amurka ke yi na ba da damar samar da abubuwan da ba su da yawa a duniya (REEs) ya haifar da wata majiya mai tushe: kwal. Wani shiri da aka fara a shekarar 2014 yana da nufin yaye Amurka daga dogaro da kasar Sin, saboda ma'adinan ma'adanai 17 masu wuyar samun ma'adinai suna da matukar muhimmanci. zuwa aikace-aikacen fasaha da yawa, ciki har da makamai. "Hasashenmu na yanzu shine cewa idan an sami babban aikin hakar REE, za a sami isassun albarkatun kwal na gida don biyan bukatar Amurka," in ji Mary Anne Alvin, manajan fasaha na DOE na REEs. Shirin na shirin Ayyukan 22 sun dogara ne akan hakar ma'adinan kwal da kuma amfani da su kuma ba za su haifar da ƙarin lahani ga muhalli ba, in ji manajoji. Babban kalubalen shine haɓaka fasahar rabuwa da haɓakawa waɗanda za a iya haɓaka har zuwa ayyukan kasuwanci masu dacewa. Ingantaccen farfadowa na scandium, ƙasa mai tsada musamman tsada. element, zai taimaka wajen cimma wannan buri.Wadannan ayyuka ne guda biyu a bangarori daban-daban na zagayen samar da kwal. Aikin yana da nufin kama REEs daga lignite, ƙananan ƙananan kwal. Yana da sauƙin cirewa daga lignite fiye da daga babban darajar kwal, in ji Nolan Theaker, jagoran fasaha na aikin a Jami'ar North Dakota. A cewar Theaker, tsarin samfurin. tarwatsa, allon fuska da sinadarai suna bi da kilogiram 44 na lignite a cikin sa'a don samar da kashi uku na oza na samfurin ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi - kusan 1/100th adadin da ake buƙata don injin abin hawa na lantarki. Aikin zai ci gaba zuwa sarrafa rabin tan na kwal a kowace awa, tare da wani matukin jirgi da aka shirya don 2023, in ji shi. Amfanin hakar a ƙarshen tsari shine cewa maida hankali na REE a cikin tokar gawayi ya ninka sau 6 zuwa 10 fiye da na kwal da ba a kone ba, in ji Prakash Joshi, tsohon shugaban Andover, Mass.-based Physical Sciences Inc..Matukin jirgin na aikin. Kamfanin, wanda za a kammala shi a shekarar 2020, zai wanke matrix mai gilashi mai dauke da REE daga rabin ton na ash a kowace rana daga wata tashar wutar lantarki a Ford, Kentucky, sannan ta yi amfani da tsarin sinadarai don samar da har zuwa oza 17 na busassun al'amuran da ke dauke da aƙalla 20% Scandium da kayan Yttrium. Tabbas, Silicon Valley yana samun sunansa daga kashi 14, tushen ginin kwakwalwan kwamfuta. A farkon kwanakin ƙididdiga, sassa uku na guntu-wafer ko substrate; transistor da aka jera a sama; da kuma wayoyi da ke haɗawa da allon kewayawa-ana buƙatar kaɗan ne kawai. A yau, masu yin chipmakers suna amfani da babban yanki na tebur na lokaci-lokaci.-E.Tamikin "Titanium ya fi karfi fiye da karfe a yanayin zafi, kuma an kira shi bayan Titan. a cikin tarihin Girkanci," in ji masanin kimiyya Bill Nye. "Ba wai kawai zafi ba ne, yana nuna shi." Ƙarfe ne da mutane ke son haɗawa da su - kuma shine dalilin da ya sa, kamar yadda sakin katin Apple na watan Agusta ya nuna, titanium shine kayan "shi" don katunan kuɗi. Duk da haka, wani nau'in laser-etched daga Apple Inc. ya shiga cikin cunkoson jama'a. Matsayin katin ƙarfe.Shafin Binciken Katin Credit Insider yana ƙididdige samfuran 22 a kasuwa, kuma kamfanoni sun ɗauka cewa an yi su daga titanium, bakin karfe (watau iron, carbon da chrome) har ma da zinare 24K. Duk da sha'awar, 'yan sun da gaske tura iyakokin metallurgy.JPMorgan Chase & Co. samu wani girmamawa ambato domin ta JP Morgan Reserve katin - kama da palladium katin, amma a zahiri sanya daga platinum kungiyar karafa.Sauran kamfanoni na iya la'akari: A farkon sabon karni, Henry Ford, masana'antar kera motoci da ta gaza sau biyu don neman ci gaba na uku, yana da ra'ayin sabon nau'in mota. Samfuran farko sun magance matsalolin hanyoyin yau da kullun, kuma suna da tsada don ginawa. kuma ku saya. "Mafi girman buƙata na yau," in ji Ford a cikin 1906, "mota ce mai sauƙi, mai sauƙi."