Nā koi kikoʻī no ka hoʻāʻo radiographic o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka pahu kila e hoʻolei i ke kila kila

Nā koi kikoʻī no ka hoʻāʻo radiographic o ka valve compression cast steel valve cast steel appearance quality requirements. ʻO nā pores o nā hemahema i ka wahi hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono i ka maikaʻi ʻole hiki ke manaʻo ʻia e like me ka loiloi ʻana i nā hemahema o ka hoʻolei ʻana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka slag i ka wahi hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono a ʻaʻole i welded ma o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o nā hemahema. . Ana 'ia ka nui hemahema e like me ka nui o ke ki'i hemahema ma ke ki'i. ʻAe. No ka lua emi, ʻo ka nui wale nō o ka ʻāpana maopopo o kēlā me kēia hemahema ke ana ʻia, ʻaʻole ka nui o ke aka pohihihi a puni. Ke hili ʻia nā hemahema ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha ma luna o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, pono e ana ʻokoʻa ko lākou mau ana. Hoʻohui: Nā koi kikoʻī no ka hoʻāʻo radiographic o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kila valve compression (II) 5. Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ke ʻano loiloi o ke kiʻi radiographic 5.1 Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ke ana nui 5.1.1 Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hemahema o ke kiʻi i ʻelima mau ʻāpana: lua ea, one. a me ka slag inclusion, shrinkage hole and porosity, inner chiller unfused and crack. ʻO nā pores o nā hemahema i ka wahi hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono i ka maikaʻi ʻole hiki ke manaʻo ʻia e like me ka loiloi ʻana i nā hemahema o ka hoʻolei ʻana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka slag i ka wahi hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono a ʻaʻole i welded ma o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o nā hemahema. . 5.1.2 Ana 'ia ka nui hemahema e like me ka nui o ke ki'i hemahema ma ke ki'i. ʻAe. No ka lua emi, ʻo ka nui wale nō o ka ʻāpana maopopo o kēlā me kēia hemahema ke ana ʻia, ʻaʻole ka nui o ke aka pohihihi a puni. Ke hili ʻia nā hemahema ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha ma luna o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, pono e ana ʻokoʻa ko lākou mau ana. 5.1.3 Ke hoʻopili ʻia ka hemahema i ka palena o ka loiloi loiloi (field of view), e hoʻokomo ʻia i nā helu helu i loko o ka wahi loiloi. 5.2 Koho hemahema o ka lua ea, ke one a me ka slag 5.2.1 E koho i ka wahi me ka heluna nui o na wahi hemahema ma ke kii maikai ole ma ke ano he wahi loiloi. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻāpana loiloi a me ka helu nui o nā hemahema i ʻae ʻia ma ka Papa 6 a me 7. Papa 6 ʻO ka nui o ka wahi loiloi a me nā wahi nui o nā pores i ʻae ʻia. a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka slag 5.2.2 E wehewehe ʻia ka helu o nā helu no kahi kīnā hoʻokahi ma ka Papa 8 a e like me ka nui o ka hemahema. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke helu ʻia nā hemahema i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā mea i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ka Papa 9. Papa 8 ʻAʻole helu ʻia ka Papa 9 i ka helu o nā hemahema i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui i ʻae ʻia. Hiki ke loiloi ʻia e like me ka Papa 6 a me ka Papa 7, akā ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pores ʻano nui, nā paʻi one a me nā ʻāpana hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ʻae ʻia ma ka pae 1 ma mua o ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ka Papa io a me ka Papa 11. Papa 10 ʻAe ʻia ka nui o nā pore nui no nā hemahema mua Papa 11 ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke one nui a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ʻae ʻia no nā pōʻino mua 5.3 ʻAi ʻole ʻia o ka lua shrinkage 5.3.1. E koho i kahi hapa nui o ka lōʻihi a i ʻole ka ʻāpana o ka hemahema ma ka ʻino no ka loiloi. Hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka ʻāpana loiloi a me ka nui ʻae ʻia o ka hemahema ma ka Papa 12 a i ʻole 13. Papa 12 ʻO ka lōʻihi nui o ka satin i ʻae ʻia no nā hemahema o ka puka hōʻemi Papa 13 ʻO ka ʻāpana nui i ʻae ʻia o nā hemahema dendritic shrinkage 5.3.2 Shrinkage Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hemahema o ka lua i loko o ka ʻūhā hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻo ka dendritic shrinkage cavity a me nā ʻāpana nui e like me ko lākou ʻano. 5.3.3 Ka helu ʻana i ka lōʻihi hemahema o ka puka hōʻemi: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lōʻihi o ka lua e like me ka lōʻihi o ka hemahema; ʻElua a ʻoi aʻe nā puka hōʻemi ʻia ka huina o ka lōʻihi o kēlā me kēia puka hōʻemi e like me ka lōʻihi o ke kīnā. Aia ka puka ho'ēmi ma ka palena o ka wahi loiloi, pono e hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka ʻāpana ma waho o ka laina kīnā. 5.3.4 Ka helu ʻana i ka ʻāpana kīnā o ka dendritic shrinkage cavity: ʻo ka dendritic shrinkage cavity ka huahana o ka lōʻihi nui o ka hemahema a me ka laulā nui o ka huahana orthogonal o ka wahi hemahema o ka lua shrinkage; ʻElua a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā lua dendritic ka huina o nā ʻāpana o kēlā me kēia lua e like me ka wahi kīnā. Aia ka puka ho'ēmi ma ka palena o ka wahi loiloi, pono e hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka ʻāpana ma waho o ka laina kīnā. 5.3.5 Inā loaʻa nā lua dendritic a me nā ʻano ʻano ʻoniʻoni i loko o ka wahi loiloi, e manaʻo ʻia ka ʻāpana hoʻoemi ʻano ʻano ʻano ʻo ia ka lua hoʻemi o ka lālā no ka loiloi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lua hoʻoemi ʻano ʻano ʻano like ʻole ka lōʻihi o ka lua o ka hoʻoemi ʻano ʻano, a ʻo ka laulā he hapakolu o ka lōʻihi. 5.3.6. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hemahema o ka ʻāpana nui e ka huahana o ka lōʻihi nui o ka hemahema i hoʻonui ʻia e ka orthogonal ākea ākea nui iā ia. 5.3.7 E loiloi ʻia ka pae o nā hemahema o ka lua emi e like me ka lōʻihi a i ʻole ka ʻāpana o nā hemahema ma ka wahi loiloi. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā lua liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 14 ʻAʻole hiki ke helu ʻia he mau hemahema. 5.3.8 E loiloi ʻia ka lua hoʻokaʻawale e like me ka iz e like me ka huina o ka lōʻihi hemahema ma ka loiloi G; ʻO ka dendritic shrinkage cavity i loiloi ʻia e like me ka Papa 13 e like me ka huina o ka wahi hemahema ma ka wahi loiloi. ʻIke ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka ʻāpana nui e like me ka huina o ka wahi kīnā i ka wahi loiloi e like me nā waiwai i loko o nā brackets ma ka Papa 13. Papa 14 ʻO ka nui o nā hemahema o ka lua shrinkage me ka ʻole o ka loiloi 5.3.9 Māwae (māka wela a māwae anu) , ʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka pahu hau o loko a me ke kākoʻo kumu lepo ʻaʻole i hoʻopili ʻia ma ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia au ma ke ʻano he papa 6. 5.4 Ka helu piha ʻana o nā hemahema 5.4.1 Ma ka wahi loiloi, inā ʻelua a ʻoi aku nā ʻano kīnā i ka manawa like, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. e hoʻokō ʻia e like me ke ʻano o nā hemahema, a laila e hoʻokō ʻia ka helu piha e like me ke ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia ma 5.42~5.4.4. 5.4.2 Ma ka ʻāpana loiloi, inā he mau hemahema o ka ʻano like ʻole a ʻelua ʻano lepo a ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka papa, e lawe ʻia ka papa haʻahaʻa e like me ka helu piha. 5.4.3 Ma ka ʻāpana loiloi, inā ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā ʻano hemahema me ka pae like, e hoʻemi ʻia ka helu piha i hoʻokahi pae. I ka hihia o ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā ʻano hemahema o ka Papa i, 'e helu ʻia ka hemahema ma ke ʻano he Papa 2 ke ʻoi aku ka helu, ka lōʻihi a i ʻole ka ʻāpana o ka hemahema i ka 1/2 o ka waiwai i ʻae ʻia. Eia naʻe, ʻo kahi kīnā i helu ʻia ma ka papa 2 e like me ka Papa 10 a i ʻole ka Papa 11, a i ʻole kahi kīnā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ka pae 2 e like me ka Papa 9 a me ka Papa 14, ʻaʻole ia ma waho o ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka Papa i me ka ʻole o ka nui hoʻohālikelike o ka hapa, e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he pae 2 inā ua hui pū ʻia me kekahi hemahema pae 2 ʻē aʻe. 5.4.4 Inā manaʻo ka mea loiloi he mau pōʻino palekana ka hemahema, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ʻaʻole kūpono. E nānā ʻia nā hoʻoheheʻe kila o nā kiwi no kekona ma hope o ka ʻaʻahu ʻia a ʻoki ʻia, a e loiloi ʻia no nā hemahema like ʻole ma ka ʻili e like me nā kiʻi i kuhikuhi ʻia ma kēia maʻamau (e nānā i ka Mokuna 4). Ua hōʻiliʻili kēia maʻamau i 12 mau ʻano makahiki kīnā o ka honua (e nānā i ka 4.1--4.12, ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻano kīnā he 5 mau hihia i hōʻike ʻia e A, B, C, D a me E. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hemahema o ka ʻili penei: 1 Range Hōʻike kēia maʻamau i nā ʻano a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hemahema o ka ʻili i loko o nā valves, flanges, pipe fittings a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kila hoʻoemi ka nānā ʻana a me ka ʻae ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili o nā valves, flanges, pipe fittings a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kila hoʻoemi ʻē aʻe. e loiloi ʻia e like me nā kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kēia maʻamau (e nānā i ka Mokuna 4. 3. E helu ana i ka caption o ke kiʻi. , B, C, D a me E, ʻelua mau hihia i hōʻike ʻia e A a me B i ʻae ʻia (kūpono), a ʻekolu mau hihia o C, D a me E nā hemahema ʻae ʻole (ʻaʻole kūpono). I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā pilikia i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā waxes e hoʻohana ana i ka maʻamau like e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o ka overwidth o ka ʻili hoʻoheheʻe, ʻo nā kiʻi 60 i hāʻawi ʻia i kēia maʻamau he mau hiʻohiʻona o nā kaha kiʻi maoli o kēlā me kēia 4 X 100 mm X 125 mm wahi o ka hoʻolei ʻia. ʻilikai. 3. 2 Ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano hemahema a pau i nā kiʻi helu [Kano a} māmā c}} e pili wale i nā hemahema o ka ʻili. ʻO nā ʻano a me nā hiʻohiʻona o kēlā me kēia kīnā o ka ʻili e wehewehe ʻia penei: a} māwae: māwae laina ma luna o ka ʻili o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kila ma muli o ka hana o nā koʻikoʻi o loko a me waho. ʻAʻole kūpono nā māwae ʻike maʻamau. b) Ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana: Ma muli o ka metala}}L-1}}, i ka ninini ʻana a me ka ʻokiʻoki ʻana o ke kila kila, ʻano like ʻole ke ʻano, ʻaʻole ka pā a aia nā puka aniani e like me dendri. C) Ke one (slag): nā puka me ke one (slag) i hana ʻia ma ka ʻili o ke kila kila ma muli o ke komo ʻana o ke one i loko o ka metala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. d) Pores: ma muli o ka hui ʻana o ke kinoea i loko o ka metala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano nui like ʻole ma ka ʻili o ka skim l ", ua maʻalahi ka paia o ka puka a me ke ʻano o ka pear, poepoe, oval a i ʻole nā ​​puka kui. e (Ridged projection): He kiʻi metala ma luna o ka ʻili o ka pahu kila ʻO ke ʻano o ka puʻunaue like ʻole, reticular a i ʻole vein-like o nā burrs i kapa ʻia nā veins me nā ʻokiʻoki i hana ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka skimmer ma muli o nā hemahema a i ʻole deformation o ka ʻili o ke one g) ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale anuanu a me ka crease: penetrative a impenetrable crevices i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ʻili o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kila ma ke ʻano o nā kihi poʻe ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻole ʻana o ka. ke ʻano hula ʻo ka ʻili o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kila he ʻulaʻula. He oolea ka ili, he oi ka lihi, he wahi metala lana leo liilii a ua pili ke kino kila i hoopae lima ia, a he one one ma waena o ka pehu a me ka hoolei. j} Kaʻili pale: He ʻula i waiho ʻia ma ka ʻili o ke kila no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kumu a i ʻole ka pahu hau o loko. k) Welding scar: ka ʻili i waiho ʻia ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe kila ma muli o ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻole ʻana ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana. l) Ka ʻili ʻili: ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka ʻili o ka mea hoʻolei kila. 4 Kiʻi helu helu 4. 1 ʻAno a): māwae