ʻO ka loina lapaʻau cryogenic valve a me kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana (ʻelua) ke ʻano hoʻomākaukau kiʻi valve kiʻi kikoʻī

ʻO ka loina lapaʻau cryogenic Valve a me kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana (ʻelua) ke ʻano hoʻomākaukau kiʻi valve kiʻi kikoʻī ʻO ke ʻano o ka mālama cryogenic aia nō i ka wā mua o ka noiʻi. ʻO ka pili ʻana, ua aʻo ʻia ke ʻano cryogenic o nā metala ferrous (hao a me ke kila), ʻoiai ʻo ka cryogenic mechanical o nā metala non-ferrous a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia, ʻaʻole maopopo loa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana o ka mīkini i kēia manawa. mea hao a me ke kila. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe microstructure ka hopena i ka hoʻoikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ka mea hana. E pili ana kēia i ka ʻāpana o nā papa martensite mānoanoa mua. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe naʻauao ua loli ka martensite lattice mau. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe microstructure ma muli o ka decomposition o martensite a me ka ua o nā carbide maikaʻi. ʻO ka pilina ma luna: Valve cryogenic kumukānāwai lapaʻau a me kāna hana ʻoihana (1) 2. Cryogenic lāʻau mīkini ʻO ke ʻano o ka mālama cryogenic aia nō i ka wā mua o ka noiʻi. ʻO ka pili ʻana, ua aʻo ʻia ke ʻano cryogenic o nā metala ferrous (hao a me ke kila), ʻoiai ʻo ka cryogenic mechanical o nā metala non-ferrous a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia, ʻaʻole maopopo loa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana o ka mīkini i kēia manawa. mea hao a me ke kila. 2.1 Cryogenic mechanical o ferrous alloy (steel) Ma ka hana o ka cryogenic lapaʻau i ka hao a me ke kila mea, hale a me ka haole noiʻi ua 'ano holomua a me ka hohonu, a me na mea a pau i basically loaʻa i ka consensus, ka manao nui e like me keia. 2.1.1 Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ka ua o nā carbide superfine mai ka martensite, ka hopena o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana, ua hōʻoia ʻia e nā haʻawina āpau. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka martensite he cryogenic ma -196 ℃ a ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka leo, ʻo ka lattice o Fe ʻO ka mea mau ke ʻano o ka emi ʻana, pēlā e hoʻoikaika ai i ka ikaika hoʻokele o ka ua o carbon atom. Eia naʻe, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka laha ʻana a ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka mamao diffusion i ka wela haʻahaʻa, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka nui o nā karbida ultrafine i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma ka matrix o martensite. 2.1.2 Hoʻololi i ke koena austenite Ma ka wela haʻahaʻa (ma lalo o ke kiko Mf), ke koena austenite decompositions a hoʻololi i martensite, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika o ka mea hana. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema hiki ke hoʻopau loa i ke koena o ka austenite i ka hoʻoilo cryogenic. Ua ʻike kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka hoʻoluʻu cryogenic hiki ke hoʻemi wale i ka nui o ke koena austenite, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau loa. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia hoʻi ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka cryogenic cooling i ke ʻano, ka hāʻawi ʻana a me ka substructure o ke koena austenite, kahi mea e pono ai ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila. 2.1.3 Hoʻomaʻamaʻa Hui ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe microstructure ka hopena i ka hoʻoikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ka mea hana. E pili ana kēia i ka ʻāpana o nā papa martensite mānoanoa mua. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe naʻauao ua loli ka martensite lattice mau. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe microstructure ma muli o ka decomposition o martensite a me ka ua o nā carbide maikaʻi. 2.1.4 Koe koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma luna o ka ʻili Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻoluʻu i nā hemahema (micropores, koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi kūloko). I ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ʻana, hana ʻia ke koena koʻikoʻi ma luna o ka ʻili o ka mea ʻole, hiki ke hōʻemi i ka pōʻino o ka hemahema i ka ikaika kūloko o ka mea. ʻO ka hana hope loa ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa abrasive. 2.1.5 Hoʻololi hapa ka mālama ʻana i ka cryogenic i ka ikehu kinetic o nā ʻātoma metala Aia nā mana hoʻopaʻa ʻelua e hoʻopaʻa kokoke i nā ʻātoma a me nā ikehu kinetic e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou. Hoʻololi ka mālama cryogenic i ka ikehu kinetic ma waena o nā ʻātoma, no laila e hoʻopaʻa paʻa ai nā ʻātoma a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka moe kolohe o ka metala. 2.2 Mekani lapaʻau cryogenic o nā mea hao hao ʻole 2.2.1 Mekani hana o ka lapaʻau cryogenic ma ka carbide cemented Ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki i ka mālama cryogenic ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī, ka ikaika flexural, ka paʻakikī o ka hopena a me ka coercivity magnetic o nā carbide cemented. Akā, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ia i kona permeability. Wahi a ka loiloi, ʻo ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka cryogenic penei: hoʻololi ʻia ka hapa A - Co i ξ - Co e ka mālama cryogenic, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi koena koʻikoʻi compressive ma ka ʻili o ka ʻili. keleawe a me ke keleawe-hoʻohui hui Li Zhicao et al. ua aʻo i ka hopena o ka mālama cryogenic i ka microstructure a me nā waiwai o ke keleawe H62. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i hiki i ka mālama cryogenic ke hoʻonui i ka maʻiʻo pili o ka β-phase i loko o ka microstructure, ka mea i hana i ka microstructure i paʻa, a hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika o ke keleawe H62. He mea maikaʻi hoʻi e hōʻemi i ka deformation, hoʻokū i ka nui a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana ʻoki. Eia kekahi, ʻo Cong Jilin lāua ʻo Wang Xiumin et al. Ua aʻo ʻo Dalian University of Technology i ka mālama cryogenic o Cu-based material, ʻo CuCr50 vacuum switch contact material, a ua hōʻike nā hopena i hiki i ka mālama cryogenic ke hana i ka microstructure i hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui ʻia, a aia kekahi ʻano dialysis ma ka hui o nā alloys ʻelua. , a he heluna nui o nā ʻāpana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana ʻelua. Ua like ia me ke ano o ka carbide precipitated ma ka palena palaoa a me ka matrix ili o kiʻekiʻe-wikiwiki kila ma hope cryogenic lapaau. Eia kekahi, ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka cryogenic, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana i ka ʻino uila o ka mea hoʻopili vacuum. Hōʻike nā hopena noiʻi o ka mālama cryogenic o ka electrode keleawe ma nā ʻāina ʻē i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka conductivity uila, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka deformation plastic o ka hopena welding, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ke ola lawelawe ma kahi o 9 mau manawa. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe manaʻo maopopo e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke keleawe keleawe, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke keleawe keleawe ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke koena austenite i martensite i ke kila, a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka palaoa. Akā ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia ka mīkini kikoʻī. 2.2.3 Ka hopena a me ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka cryogenic ma luna o nā waiwai o nā nickel-based alloys He liʻiliʻi nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka mālama cryogenic o nā alloys based nickel. Ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki i ka mālama cryogenic ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka plasticity o nā nickel-based alloys a hoʻemi i ko lākou naʻau i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kaumaha. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o nā mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo ia ka hoʻomaha hoʻomaha o ka mea i hana ʻia e ka mālama cryogenic, a hoʻomohala nā microcracks i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. 2.2.4 Ka hopena a me ka hana o ka cryogenic lapaʻau ma luna o nā waiwai o ka amorphous alloys No ka hopena o ka cryogenic lapaʻau ma luna o ka waiwai o amorphous alloys, Co57Ni10Fe5B17 ua aʻo 'ia i loko o ka palapala, a ua ike ia cryogenic lapaʻau hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka lole pale a me. ʻano mechanical o nā mea amorphous. Manaʻo nā mea kākau i ka mālama ʻana i ka cryogenic e hāpai i ka waiho ʻana o nā mea non-magnetic ma luna o ka ʻili, e hopena i kahi hoʻololi hoʻololi e like me ka hoʻomaha hoʻomaha i ka wā crystallization. 2.2.5 Ka hopena a me ka hana o ka cryogenic lapaʻau ma luna o ka alumini a me ka alumini-ma muli o ka alumini Aluminum a me ka alumini kaʻina hana noiʻi cryogenic he wahi wela i ka noiʻi o ka home cryogenic lapaʻau i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, Li Huan a me chuan-hai jiang et al. Ua ʻike ka haʻawina e hiki i ka mālama cryogenic ke hoʻopau i ke koena o ke koʻikoʻi o ka alumini silicon carbide composite material a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona modulus o ka elasticity, maluhia ʻo Shang Guang fang-wei jin a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ʻike i ka mālama cryogenic e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka alumini alumini, e hoʻemi i ka deformation machining. , e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ka mea, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole lākou i hana i kahi noiʻi ʻōnaehana ma ka mīkini pili, akā manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ke koʻikoʻi i hana ʻia e ka mahana i hoʻonui i ka dislocation density a kumu. ʻO Chen Ding et al. mai Central South University of Technology ua aʻo ʻōnaehana i ka hopena o ka mālama cryogenic i nā waiwai o nā alumini alumini i hoʻohana mau ʻia. Ua ʻike lākou i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka palaoa o nā alumini alumini i hana ʻia e ka mālama cryogenic i kā lākou noiʻi ʻana, a ua noi aku i kahi ʻano hana hoʻoikaika cryogenic hou no nā alumini alumini. Wahi a ke kūlana GB / T1047-2005, ʻo ke anawaena nominal o ka valve he hōʻailona wale nō ia, i hōʻike ʻia e ka hui ʻana o ka hōʻailona "DN" a me ka helu. ʻAʻole hiki i ka nui nominal ke ana i ke anawaena valve, a ʻo ke anawaena maoli o ka valve i kuhikuhi ʻia e nā kūlana kūpono. ʻAʻole emi ka waiwai nui i ana ʻia (unit mm) ma mua o 95% o ka nui o ka nui. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka nui inoa i ka ʻōnaehana metric (hōʻailona: DN) a me ka ʻōnaehana Pelekane (hōʻailona: NPS). ʻO ka valve maʻamau o ke aupuni he ʻōnaehana metric, a ʻo ka valve maʻamau ʻAmelika he ʻōnaehana Pelekane. Ma lalo o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka ʻoihana, urbanization, ** a me ka honua, ʻo ka manaʻolana o ka ʻoihana ʻenehana valve China he ākea, ʻo ka ʻoihana valve e hiki mai ana **, home, modernization, ʻo ia ke kuhikuhi nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana valve e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hana hou, hana i kahi mākeke hou no nā ʻoihana valve, i mea e hoʻokuʻu ai i nā ʻoihana i ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū ikaika loa i ka ʻoihana valve pump no ke ola a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana. I ka hana ʻana o ka valve a me ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kākoʻo ʻenehana, ʻaʻole i hoʻi hope ka valve home ma mua o ka valve haole, akā naʻe, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā huahana he nui i ka ʻenehana a me nā mea hou i nā ʻoihana honua, ke neʻe nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana valve home i mua. ke kuhikuhi o keia wa. Me ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka ʻenehana valve, hoʻomau ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pā valve, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka maʻamau valve kūpono. Ua komo nā huahana ʻoihana Valve i kahi manawa o ka hana hou, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻonui ʻia nā ʻano huahana, pono e hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻokele kūloko o ka ʻoihana e like me nā kūlana ʻoihana. Nominal anawaena a me ka nominal kaomi o ka valve GB/T1047-2005 maʻamau, ka nominal anawaena o ka valve he hōʻailona wale nō ia, i hōʻike ʻia e ka hui pū ʻana o ka hōʻailona "DN" a me ka helu, ʻaʻole hiki i ka nui nominal ke ** ka helu ana o ka valve anawaena, ʻo ke anawaena maoli o ka valve i kuhikuhi ʻia e nā kūlana kūpono, ʻaʻole e emi ka nui o ke ana (unit mm) ma lalo o 95% o ka nui o ka nui. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka nui inoa i ka ʻōnaehana metric (hōʻailona: DN) a me ka ʻōnaehana Pelekane (hōʻailona: NPS). ʻO ka valve maʻamau o ke aupuni he ʻōnaehana metric, a ʻo ka valve maʻamau ʻAmelika ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana Pelekane. Penei ka waiwai o ka metric DN: DN10(nominal diameter 10mm), DN15, DN20, DN25, DN32, DN40, DN50, DN65, DN80, DN100, DN125, DN100, DN25, DN150, DN25 DN300, DN350, DN400, DN450, DN500, DN600, DN700, DN800, DN900, DN1000, DN1100, DN1200, DN1400, DN1600, DN1800, DN200, DN200, DN202 DN3000, DN3200, DN3500, DN4000 E like me ka GB/ ʻO T1048-2005 maʻamau, ʻo ke kaomi nominal o ka valve he hōʻailona hoʻi, i hōʻike ʻia e ka hui pū ʻana o ka hōʻailona "PN" a me kahi helu. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kaomi nominal (unit: Mpa Mpa) no ka helu ʻana, ʻaʻole ** ka waiwai i ana maoli ʻia o ka valve, ʻo ke kumu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kaomi nominal e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka kikoʻī o ka helu o ke kaomi valve, i ke koho. , nā'āpana hoʻolālā, nā'āpana hana a me nā'āpana hoʻohana e like me nā'ōlelo o kaʻikepili kokoke i ke kumukānāwai,ʻo ka hoʻokumuʻana i ka nui nominal ka mea like. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaomi nominal i ka ʻōnaehana ʻEulopa (PN) a me ka ʻōnaehana ʻAmelika (> PN0.1 (nominal pressure 0.1mpa), PN0.6, PN1.0, PN2.5, PN6, PN10, PN16, PN25, PN40, PN63/64 , PN100/110, PN150/160, PN260, PN320, PN420 > Hoʻomākaukau kumu hoʻohālike Valve Pono e hōʻike maʻamau ke ʻano o ka VALVE i ke ʻano o ka valve, ke ʻano hoʻokele, ke ʻano pili, nā ʻano hana, nā mea e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka ʻili, nā mea kino valve a me ke kaomi inoa a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka valve he mea maʻalahi no ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ke koho ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā valves i kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano a me nā mea o nā valves, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ʻO ke kūlana o ka hoʻokumuʻana i ka valve model, akāʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i nā pono o ka uluʻana o kaʻoihana valve ma kahi e hikiʻole ai ke hoʻohana i ka helu maʻamau o ka valve hou, hiki ke hoʻomākaukauʻia kēlā me kēia mea hana e like me kā lākou mau pono pili i ka puka puka, throttle valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, diaphragm valves, plunger valves, PLUG valves, check valves, safety valves, pressure reduce valves, traps a pela aku no na pipelines. Loaʻa iā ia ke kumu hoʻohālike valve a me ka koho valve. ʻO ke ʻano hoʻomākaukau kikoʻī o ka pahu Valve ʻo ia ka sequence diagram o kēlā me kēia code i ke ʻano kākau kiʻi kiʻi valve maʻamau: ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kiʻikuhi ma ka hema ʻo ia ka hana mua e hoʻomaopopo ai i nā hiʻohiʻona valve like ʻole. Eia kekahi laʻana e hāʻawi iā ʻoe i ka ʻike maʻamau: ʻO ke ʻano valve: "Z961Y-100> "Z" ʻo ia ka ʻāpana 1; "9" ʻo 2 ʻāpana; "6" ʻo 3 ʻāpana; "1" ʻo 4 mau ʻāpana; "Y" no 5 mau 'āpana; . Unit 1: Code type Valve No nā kiwi me nā hana ʻē aʻe a i ʻole me nā mīkini kūikawā ʻē aʻe, e hoʻohui i kahi huaʻōlelo Kina ma mua o ke code type type No nā huapalapala alphabetic, e like me ka papa ma lalo nei: ʻElua mau ʻāpana: ke ʻano hoʻouna Unit 3: ʻAno hoʻohui ʻEhā. ʻAno hoʻonohonoho ʻano hoʻolālā puka puka pānaʻi puka code Nā ʻano hana kumu no ka honua, throttle a me nā puʻu plunger