Zida zapamwamba za ceramic zofunsira ntchito

Timagwiritsa ntchito makeke kuti tikulitse zomwe mumakumana nazo. Mukapitiliza kuyang'ana webusayiti iyi, mukuvomera kugwiritsa ntchito makeke. Zambiri.
Palibe tanthauzo lovomerezeka lautumiki wokhazikika. Zitha kumveka ngati zikhalidwe zogwirira ntchito pomwe mtengo wosinthira valavu uli wokwera kapena mphamvu yogwirira ntchito imachepetsedwa.
Pakufunika padziko lonse kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira ntchito kuti awonjezere phindu la magawo onse omwe akukhudzidwa ndi ntchito zosauka. Izi zimachokera ku mafuta ndi gasi ndi zinthu za petrochemical kupita ku mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi kupanga magetsi, kukonza mchere ndi migodi.
Okonza ndi mainjiniya akuyesera kukwaniritsa cholingachi m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Njira yoyenera kwambiri ndikuwonjezera nthawi komanso kuchita bwino powongolera magawo azinthu (monga kutsekeka kogwira mtima komanso kuwongolera bwino kwamayendedwe).
Kukhathamiritsa kwachitetezo kumakhalanso ndi gawo lofunikira, chifukwa kuchepetsa m'malo kumatha kubweretsa malo otetezedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kampaniyo ikuyesetsa kuchepetsa kuwerengera kwa zida, kuphatikiza mapampu ndi mavavu, komanso kutaya kofunikira. Nthawi yomweyo, eni malo amayembekeza kusintha kwakukulu muzinthu zawo. Chotsatira chake, kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yokonza kumapangitsa kuti mapaipi ndi zipangizo zochepa (koma ma diameter akuluakulu) ndi zida zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana.
Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuwonjezera pa kukhala chokulirapo pa kukula kwa chitoliro chokulirapo, gawo limodzi la dongosolo liyeneranso kupirira nthawi yayitali kumadera ovuta kuti achepetse kufunika kokonzanso ndikusintha.
Zigawo kuphatikizapo ma valve ndi mipira ya valve ziyenera kukhala zolimba kuti zigwirizane ndi ntchito yofunikira, koma zingaperekenso moyo wautali wautumiki. Komabe, vuto lalikulu ndi ntchito zambiri ndikuti zigawo zachitsulo zafika pamapeto a ntchito yawo. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti opanga atha kupeza njira zina m'malo mwa zinthu zopanda zitsulo, makamaka zida za ceramic, zomwe zimafunikira ntchito.
Zomwe zimafunikira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pazigawo zing'onozing'ono zimaphatikizanso kukana kutenthedwa kwa kutentha, kukana dzimbiri, kusatopa, kuuma, mphamvu, komanso kulimba.
Kulimba mtima ndi gawo lofunikira, chifukwa zigawo zomwe sizitha kupirira zimatha kulephera mowopsa. Kulimba kwa zida za ceramic kumatanthauzidwa ngati kukana kufalitsa ming'alu. Nthawi zina, imatha kuyeza pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolowera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mitengo yokwera kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito mtanda wa mbali imodzi kungapereke miyeso yolondola.
Kulimba kumakhudzana ndi kulimba, koma kumatanthauza malo amodzi omwe chinthu chimalephera mowopsa pamene kupsinjika kukugwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "modulus of rupture" ndipo amayezedwa poyesa mphamvu yopindika ya mfundo zitatu kapena zinayi pa ndodo yoyesera. Mayeso atatuwa amapereka mtengo womwe ndi 1% wapamwamba kuposa mayeso anayi.
Ngakhale kuuma kumatha kuyeza ndi masikelo osiyanasiyana kuphatikiza Rockwell ndi Vickers, Vickers microhardness sikelo ndi yoyenera kwambiri pazida zapamwamba za ceramic. Kuuma kumayenderana mwachindunji ndi kukana kuvala kwa zinthu.
Mu valve yomwe ikugwira ntchito mu njira ya cyclic, kutopa ndi vuto lalikulu chifukwa cha kutsegula ndi kutseka kosalekeza kwa valve. Kutopa ndiye mphamvu yolowera, kupitilira zomwe zinthuzo nthawi zambiri zimalephera pansi pa mphamvu yake yopindika.
Kukana kwa dzimbiri kumadalira malo ogwirira ntchito komanso sing'anga yomwe ili ndi zinthuzo. M'mundawu, zida zambiri zapamwamba za ceramic zili ndi ubwino kuposa zitsulo, kupatulapo "hydrothermal degradation", zomwe zimachitika pamene zipangizo zina zochokera ku zirconia zimakhudzidwa ndi nthunzi yotentha kwambiri.
Gawo la geometry, coefficient yowonjezera matenthedwe, matenthedwe matenthedwe, kulimba ndi mphamvu zimakhudzidwa ndi kugwedezeka kwamafuta. Awa ndi malo omwe amachititsa kuti matenthedwe apangidwe kwambiri komanso olimba, kotero kuti ziwalo zachitsulo zimatha kugwira ntchito bwino. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwa zida za ceramic tsopano kumapereka milingo yovomerezeka yokana kugwedezeka kwamafuta.
Zida za ceramic zapamwamba zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri ndipo ndizodziwika pakati pa akatswiri odalirika, akatswiri opanga zomera ndi opanga ma valve omwe amafunikira ntchito zapamwamba komanso zamtengo wapatali. Malinga ndi zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu omwe ali oyenera kumafakitale osiyanasiyana. Komabe, zitsulo zinayi zapamwamba za ceramic ndizofunikira kwambiri pamagulu a mavavu ovuta kwambiri. Zimaphatikizapo silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), alumina ndi zirconia. Zida za valve ndi mpira wa valve zimasankhidwa malinga ndi zofunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya zirconia imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mavavu, onse omwe ali ndi coefficient yofanana ya kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha ndi kuuma ngati chitsulo. Magnesium okusayidi yokhazikika pang'ono zirconia (Mg-PSZ) imakhala yolimba kwambiri pakutentha kwamafuta komanso kulimba, pomwe yttrium oxide tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ndi yolimba komanso yamphamvu, koma imatha kuwonongeka ndi hydrothermal.
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ili ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana. Kuthamanga kwa gasi sintered silicon nitride (GPPSN) ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamavavu ndi zigawo za valve. Kuphatikiza pa kulimba kwake kwapakati, imaperekanso kuuma kwakukulu ndi mphamvu, kukana kwambiri kwa kutentha kwa kutentha ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha. Kuwonjezera apo, Si3N4 ndi malo abwino olowa m'malo mwa zirconia m'malo otentha kwambiri kuti ateteze kuwonongeka kwa hydrothermal.
Pamene bajeti ili yolimba, wofotokozera amatha kusankha silicon carbide kapena alumina. Zida zonsezi zimakhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu, koma sizolimba kuposa zirconia kapena silicon nitride. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti zinthuzo ndizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chigawo cha static, monga ma valve linings ndi mipando ya valve, m'malo mwa mipira ya valve kapena ma disc omwe amakhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri.
Poyerekeza ndi zida zachitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga valavu yaukali (kuphatikiza ferrochrome (CrFe), tungsten carbide, Hastelloy ndi Stellite), zida zapamwamba za ceramic zili ndi kulimba kocheperako komanso mphamvu zofananira.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ntchito kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ma valve ozungulira, monga ma valve a butterfly, trunnions, ma valve oyandama a mpira, ndi ma valve a masika. M'mapulogalamu otere, Si3N4 ndi zirconia zimawonetsa kukana kutenthedwa kwa kutentha, kulimba komanso mphamvu kuti zigwirizane ndi malo ovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kuuma ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa zinthuzo, moyo wautumiki wa zigawozo ukuwonjezeka kangapo kuposa zitsulo zazitsulo. Zopindulitsa zina zimaphatikizapo mawonekedwe a ntchito ya valve pa moyo wake wonse, makamaka m'madera omwe amasunga mphamvu yake yotseka ndi kulamulira.
Izi zinawonetsedwa pogwiritsira ntchito pomwe 65 mm (2.6 mu) valve kynar / RTFE mpira ndi liner zinawonetsedwa ndi 98% sulfuric acid ndi ilmenite, zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala titanium oxide pigment. Kuwonongeka kwa zofalitsa kumatanthauza kuti zigawozi zimatha mpaka masabata asanu ndi limodzi. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito valavu ya mpira yopangidwa ndi Nilcra!" (Chithunzi 1), yomwe ndi mwini wake wa magnesium oxide wokhazikika pang'ono zirconia (Mg-PSZ), ali ndi kuuma kwambiri komanso kukana dzimbiri ndipo atha kupereka zaka zitatu zautumiki wosasokonezedwa popanda kudziwika. kuvala ndi kung'amba.
Mu ma valve ozungulira kuphatikiza ma valve, ma throttle valves kapena globe valves, zirconia ndi silicon nitride ndizoyenera mapulagi a valve ndi mipando ya valve, chifukwa cha "mpando wolimba" wazinthu izi. Momwemonso, aluminiyamu imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma gaskets ndi makola. Pofananiza mipira yopera pampando wa valve, kusindikiza kwakukulu kungapezeke.
Pakuyika valavu, kuphatikiza pakati pa ma valve, polowera ndi potuluka kapena valavu, chilichonse mwazinthu zinayi zazikuluzikulu za ceramic zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi zofunikira. Kuuma kwakukulu ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa zinthuzo kunakhala kopindulitsa potengera momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito komanso moyo wautumiki.
Tengani valavu yagulugufe ya DN150 yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyengera bauxite ku Australia monga chitsanzo. Zomwe zili pamwamba pa silika pakatikati zimapereka chovala chokwera kwambiri pazitsulo za valve. Ma gaskets ndi ma disc omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba amapangidwa ndi 28% CrFe alloy ndipo amatha masabata asanu ndi atatu kapena khumi okha. Komabe, ndi mavavu opangidwa ndi Nilcra!" zirconia (Chithunzi 2), moyo wautumiki wakula mpaka masabata 70.
Chifukwa cha kulimba kwake komanso mphamvu zake, zoumba za ceramic zimagwira ntchito bwino pamavavu ambiri. Komabe, ndi kuuma kwawo ndi kukana dzimbiri zomwe zimathandiza kuwonjezera moyo wautumiki wa valve. Izi zimachepetsanso mtengo wanthawi yonse ya moyo wawo pochepetsa nthawi yochepetsera zida zosinthira, kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi zosungira, kuwongolera pang'ono pamanja, ndikuwongolera chitetezo pochepetsa kutayikira.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, kugwiritsa ntchito zida za ceramic mu ma valve othamanga kwambiri ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa kwambiri, chifukwa ma valvewa amakhala ndi katundu wambiri wa axial kapena torsional. Komabe, osewera akulu mu gawoli tsopano akupanga mapangidwe a mpira wa valve kuti apititse patsogolo kupulumuka kwa torque.
Cholepheretsa china chachikulu ndi sikelo. Kukula kwa mpando waukulu wa valve ndi mpira waukulu wa valve (Chithunzi 3) chopangidwa ndi magnesia zirconia okhazikika ndi DN500 ndi DN250, motsatira. Komabe, omasulira ambiri pakali pano amakonda zida za ceramic za makulidwe awa.
Ngakhale zinthu za ceramic tsopano zatsimikiziridwa kuti ndizoyenera, palinso malangizo osavuta oti muwatsatire kuti muwonjezere magwiridwe antchito ake. Zida za Ceramic ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba pamene ndalama zikuyenera kukhala zochepa. Ngodya zakuthwa ndi kupsinjika maganizo kuyenera kupewedwa mkati ndi kunja.
Kusagwirizana kulikonse komwe kungatheke kukulitsa kutentha kuyenera kuganiziridwa panthawi yomanga. Kuti muchepetse kupsinjika kwa hoop, ceramic iyenera kusungidwa kunja, osati mkati. Potsirizira pake, kufunikira kwa kulolerana kwa geometric ndi kumaliza pamwamba kuyenera kuganiziridwa mosamala, chifukwa izi zidzawonjezera kwambiri ndalama zosafunikira.
Potsatira malangizowa ndi njira zabwino zopezera zipangizo ndikugwirizanitsa ndi ogulitsa kuyambira pachiyambi cha polojekitiyi, ndizotheka kupeza njira yabwino yothetsera ntchito iliyonse yovuta.
Izi zimachokera kuzinthu zoperekedwa ndi Morgan Advanced Materials ndipo zawunikiridwa ndikusinthidwa.
Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. (2019, Novembala 28). Zida zapamwamba za ceramic zofunsira ntchito. AZoM. Adabwezedwa kuchokera ku https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305 pa Disembala 7, 2021.
Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Zida zotsogola za ceramic zofunsira ntchito". AZoM. Disembala 7, 2021. .
Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Zida zapamwamba za ceramic zofunsira ntchito". AZoM. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305. (Idapezeka pa Disembala 7, 2021).
Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. 2019. Zida za ceramic zapamwamba pazofuna ntchito zautumiki. AZoM, idawonedwa pa Disembala 7, 2021, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305.
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