kuponyedwa chitsulo chowotcha mtundu chekeni valavu pn16

Kulumikiza opanga zisankho kugulu lazambiri, anthu ndi malingaliro, Bloomberg imapereka zidziwitso zamabizinesi ndi zachuma, nkhani ndi luntha padziko lonse lapansi mwachangu komanso molondola. Nkhani ndi luntha padziko lonse lapansi ndi liwiro komanso kulondola Inventor Buckminster Fuller adafotokozapo kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo ngati "kwanthawi yayitali." Kuwala kwadzuwa ndi mphepo zikulowa m'malo mwa malasha ndi mafuta monga magwero amphamvu, mitundu ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa mabizinesi kuposa nyumba, ndipo ndalama za fiat zalowa m'malo mwa golide ndi siliva. Chotero zikuoneka kuti n’zomveka kunena kuti Periodic Table—m’gulu losakhazikika la zinthu zakuthupi monga mkuwa, chitsulo, mercury, ndi sulfure—njachikale ndipo ilibe chochita ndi mataipi apamanja. Pokhapokha zotsutsana kwenikweni.Zinthu zikadali zofunika.Pa chikumbutso cha 150 cha kulengedwa kwa tebulo la periodic ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya ku Russia Dmitri Mendeleev, ndilofunika kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.werenga zambiri Asayansi akhala akufuna kugawa zinthu zodziwika bwino: mu 1789, Antoine Lavoisier adasankhidwa. Pofika m'chaka cha 1808, John Dalton anali kuwatchula ndi kulemera kwa atomiki. Mendeleev anabadwira ku Tobolsk, Siberia, mu 1834, wotsiriza mwa ana khumi ndi awiri, ndipo anamaliza maphunziro ake ku St. pulofesa wa pa yunivesite ya Imperial ku St. Zolemba za Mendeleev zochokera mu 1869 zonse zidandandalika kusinthasintha kwa zinthu komanso kulosera za malo omwe sanadziwikebe. sayansi kuvomereza mfundo zimenezi imathandizira kuphunzira za dziko lapansi ndi mafakitale ndi malonda applications.Mendeleev mwiniwake analowa nawo, kufufuza njira zokhudzana ndi Russia malasha, mafuta ndipo ngakhale kupanga tchizi pa ndondomeko yapakatikati ya Russia. Gomelo lasintha pang'ono kuyambira pomwe anamwalira ndi chimfine mu 1907, koma bungwe lake lalikulu lidakalipo. golidi, monga "Au" kuchokera ku Latin aurum.Nambala ya atomiki imayimira mapulotoni omwe ali mu nucleus.Misa ya atomiki yokhazikika nthawi zina imaperekedwa ku malo angapo a decimal, ndi manambala m'makolo pa nkhani ya isotopu yautali kwambiri. Mizati iyi ikuwonetsa zinthu zokhala ndi mankhwala ofanana.Mwachitsanzo, zitsulo za alkali zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mugawo loyamba kumanzere zili ndi elekitironi imodzi mu chipolopolo chawo chakunja ndipo motero zimalumikizana bwino kwambiri ndi ma halojeni, ndipo mugawo lachiwiri kumanja, zimalumikizana bwino. ali ndi ma elekitironi asanu ndi awiri mu chipolopolo awo akunja ndi kusowa kuti amalize zimafunika single elekitironi.Umu ndi mmene timapezera mankhwala monga sodium kolorayidi (tebulo mchere) ndi potaziyamu ayodini, amene amathandiza kuteteza chithokomiro cheza. Mzere wakumanja umasonyeza mpweya wabwino umene zipolopolo zake za ma elekitironi zakunja zili bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zambiri izi zikhale zothandiza pakuwunikira, chifukwa sizigwirizana ndi zinthu zina. kupanga tebulo kukhala losatheka. Mendeleev sanapeze zonse bwino: amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zinali zosiyana ndipo anakana lingaliro lakuti ali ndi midadada yomangira yofanana. Amapanganso nkhani yodabwitsa kuti ether ndi chinthu. amalingalira woyambitsa wake lero - ndi chifukwa chake chikumbutso chake cha 50 chikukondwerera monga International Year of the Periodic Table.--Joanna Ozinger Kwa zaka zambiri, kusintha kwa batri la hydrogen kwakhala kuli kwa zaka 10. Koma monga Europe's No. 1 electric vehicle powerhouse, Norway yatsala pang'ono kutsata kwambiri zinthu zolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi. Otsutsawo akuti mafutawo adzakhala opikisana kwambiri pamene kuperekedwa kwa hydrogen yowonjezera kukukula, yomwe idzakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la tsogolo lobiriwira. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali pamafuta a hydrogen ndikuti mafuta opangira mafuta nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuti apange mafuta. ma electrolyzer ndi matanki osungira omwe amawotchedwa ndi solar panels.Chigawo cha haidrojeni chidzapatsa mphamvu gulu la magalimoto ndi ma forklift omwe akuyesedwa ndi ogulitsa zakudya zam'deralo ASKO. Pakalipano, komabe, mitundu yonyansa ya kupanga haidrojeni ikadali yotsika mtengo kuposa theka la renewables.Iyo ndi mutu wa boma la Norwegian, lomwe likukonzekera kusiya kugulitsa magalimoto opangidwa ndi mafuta a hydrogen pofika chaka cha 2025 ndipo akuyembekezera magalimoto okwana 500,000 opangidwa ndi hydrogen. misewu dziko mu zaka zingapo 'time.At osachepera, izo zikutanthauza electrolyzers mu malo ngati Berlevag. Ngati zaka za zana la 20 zinali nthawi ya injini zoyatsira mkati, zaka za zana la 21 ndi za mabatire. Mkati mwazaka makumi angapo, mabatire angakhale magwero aakulu a mphamvu zamagalimoto ndi magalimoto, ndipo angakhale ofala m’ma helicopters ndi ndege. otsogolera ngolo za gofu, magalimoto amagetsi amasiku ano amatha kufika pa liwiro lopusa pamene amatulutsa zowononga zochepa kwambiri kuposa gasi. Zimakhalanso zosavuta kupanga, ndipo mabatire awo akhoza kubwezeretsedwanso. Opanga magalimoto, kuchokera ku General Motors kupita ku BMW, akuwononga mabiliyoni ambiri a madola pa zoyendera zobiriwira. .Koma kuyesayesa kumeneku kumabwera ndi zoopsa zake zachilengedwe, ndipo pali chikakamizo chokulirapo chowonetsetsa kuti makampani amatulutsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri moyenera.Monga makampani amafuta, ma EV akuyenera kugwera mumisampha yambiri yomweyi, ndipo ndizosavuta. , timayang'ana zopangira mu mabatire, kuchokera ku lithiamu kupita ku cobalt kupita ku zinki, kuti tiwone momwe zizindikiro zawo zobiriwira zikufananirana. Yamphamvu kuposa chitsulo, yopepuka kuposa aluminiyamu, yosowa kwambiri, komanso yapoizoni ngati itakokedwa, beryllium nthawi zambiri imasungidwa kuzinthu zamakono monga makina a X-ray, ndege zamlengalenga, zida zanyukiliya, ndi zida. Koma m'zaka za m'ma 1990, Chris Hinshaw wakale wa triathlete adawona mwayi wamsika: njinga.Kampani yake ya San Jose, Beyond Beryllium Fabrications, imapanga pafupifupi 100 njinga zachitsulo.Zambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera ku aluminiyamu-beryllium alloys ndipo amagulitsa pafupifupi $ 1,900; Beryllium wa zida zankhondo amagulitsidwa mpaka $30,000. Makasitomala akuphatikizapo katswiri wa baseball Pepper Davis. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Hinshaw anasiya kupanga njinga za beryllium chifukwa wogulitsa wake wamkulu, mgodi wa ku Russia ndi makina oyeretsera, anakhala osadalirika. kutulutsa molingana ndi miyezo ndi ziyembekezo zomwe makampani anjinga amayembekezera,” adatero. M'magazini athu a October 20, 1956, BusinessWeek inaneneratu za "ntchito zambiri zatsopano zosangalatsa" za boron, makamaka mu mafuta a jet. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, asayansi anazindikira kuti mafuta opangidwa ndi boron anali oopsa kwambiri ndipo amatha kuyaka modzidzimutsa. Mwamwayi kwa ife, boron akupitiriza kugwira nawo ntchito yowonjezereka ya zinthu zina, kuphatikizapo zotsukira zovala, feteleza ndi zowonetsera za LCD.Tinali bwino pamapeto pake, osati pazifukwa zomwe timaganizira. Palibe chomwe chidzasinthe momwe mumapangira kapu ya khofi, ngakhale zokometsera za dzungu. Nyemba zimawotcha, pansi, kenako n'zoviikidwa m'madzi kapena popanda kukakamiza. Amapopedwa mu khofi wofukizidwa kuti apange thovu lowonjezera komanso kakombo kakang'ono kwambiri ka kukoma.Mowa wabwino wa nitro ozizira umawoneka ngati mowa wonyezimira wokhala ndi thovu lofewa pamwamba.Malinga ndi nkhani yodziwika kwambiri yoyambira, kuyambira pomwe khofi woyamba adatsanulidwa kuchokera ku bomba la Austin cha 2012 , yakhala mutu wa khofi komanso mphamvu yoyendetsa galimoto mu gulu la khofi la $ 4.1 biliyoni lokonzekera kumwa. Portland, Ore.-based national chain Stumptown Coffee Roasters Inc. inayamba kugulitsa mowa wa nitro wamzitini mu 2015 atayesa mtundu wina. Imagulitsa pafupifupi zitini 2 miliyoni pachaka ndipo ndi kampani yomwe ikukula mofulumira kwambiri. adati, "Njirayi inali ya DIY kwambiri. Tinkathira mowa woziziritsa m’nkhokwe, n’kuumenya ndi nitrogen wochuluka kwambiri, ndi kuugwedeza.” Tsopano ndondomekoyi ikufanana ndi kuyesa koopsa kwa sayansi: Mtsuko uliwonse uli ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono ka pulasitiki komwe kamakhala ndi mpweya wa nayitrogeni mkati.Kutsegula chimbudzicho kumawonetsa khofi ku mphamvu ya mumlengalenga, kukankhira mpweya wa nayitrogeni kunja ndi kupyolera mu khofi.Zotsatira zake ndi mndandanda wa tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe timawonekera mukathira. La Colombe Coffee Roasters ndi mtundu wina wapamwamba womwe umaphatikizapo oxygen, periodic table mate wa nayitrojeni, mu mtundu wake. Vavu yodziwikiratu imapereka thovu lomwe nthawi zambiri limapezeka muzakumwa zotentha m'zakumwa zoziziritsa.Mathovu a N2O amakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa thovu la nitro ndipo amapanga mawonekedwe okoma komanso okoma odziwika bwino.La Colombe adapereka chitoliro chake. Starbucks, dzina lina lalikulu m'dziko la khofi, adalengeza kuti mowa wake wozizira wa nitro udzapezeka m'dziko lonse kumapeto kwa chaka.N'zosadabwitsa kuti idzapezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yomaliza, monga "Cascara Cold Foam". " ndi ina yokhala ndi "Sweet Cream." Pali ngakhale mowa wozizira wa dzungu. Tekinoloje yowonera usiku yakhala yodalirika komanso yofala, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi aliyense kuyambira asitikali mpaka owonera mbalame.Ngakhale kuchulukirachulukira kwa njira zama digito, kuwongolera kuwala kumakhalabe gawo lamakampani. lens ndi kulowa mu chubu chowonjezera chithunzi.Photocathode ndiye amasintha kuwala kukhala ma elekitironi, omwe amakulitsidwa ndi chowonjezera cha electron ndikuloza pazenera la phosphor kuti apange chithunzi chowoneka.-E.Tamikin Kuwala kwakhala kukudetsa nkhawa kwambiri kwa wojambula. chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 1800, ntchito yogwira ndi kupanga kuwala inali yaikulu kwambiri. Mfungulo ndi magnesium, chitsulo chopepuka kwambiri cha siliva.Pa nambala 12 pa tebulo la periodic, pafupi ndi kumanzere kumanzere, ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofala kwambiri padziko lapansi, koma sichinapezekepo mu mawonekedwe ake oyera. Pachokha, magnesium imayaka. pang'onopang'ono komanso momveka bwino, ndipo kumatulutsa kuwala kosalowerera ndale -- kopanda buluu kapena chikasu. Abalewo anatenga chitsulo cha magnesium n’kumuviika mu asidi, n’kusakaniza ndi mchere, n’kuutentha, n’kutenga madzi okhuthala amene anaphwa. Wick.Anaika moto wokhoza kulamulirika umenewu pafupi ndi kamera yake yaikulu ya bokosi ndipo anatenga chithunzi mu situdiyo yake."Kuyambira tsopano, zidzakhala zosatheka kuti anthu azibisala ku kamera. Poyamba tinali kukhala otetezeka dzuwa likamalowa, koma osati panonso," mtolankhani wina wochokera ku London analemba mu The Criterion. Posakhalitsa, oyendayenda ngati Charles Piazzi Smyth anatenga magnesiamu pamsewu kuti ajambule zithunzi zoyamba za mapanga ndi mkati mwa Piramidi Yaikulu ya Giza. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1880, kuwalako kunalumpha kuchokera m’bokosi la zida za ofufuza n’kupita m’bokosi la mtolankhani. kulira komwe kudadabwitsa mkazi wanga." ... ndapeza njira, imagwira ntchito, kujambula zithunzi ndi tochi. Reese adagula mfuti yamoto - yomwe idayatsa ufa wa magnesium mkati mwa mfutiyo - ndipo adapita nayo kukawombera zipinda zamdima ku New York. Lower East Side.Popanda magnesium, sipakanakhala moyo wa theka lina. Jessie Tarbox Beals nayenso samajambula zithunzi za m'nyumba, Jessie Tarbox Beals ndi wojambula zithunzi yemwe anawombera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 Portrait of a New Yorker. Monga wolemba mbiri Kate Flint analembera mu "Flash! Mayi wosatchulidwa dzina akukhala pampando wakukhitchini ali ndi mwana wamaliseche m'manja mwake, mawonekedwe ake ali pompopompo komanso wotopa. Makalendala ndi nsanza zopachikidwa pamakoma; Tangoganizani ndikuphulika kochititsa chidwi kwa kujambula kwa paparazzi chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900. Dan Tidwell anayamba kugwira ntchito monga wojambula m'masiku ake omaliza pamalo owonekera. gawo lomaliza loyesa pulogalamu ya NASA ya Apollo. Kamera yomwe Tidwell anasankha inali yaikulu Graflex 4x5 yokhala ndi kuwala kwakukulu kumanja. "Si zachilendo kuti babu lagalasi liphulika," anandiuza. Mu chimodzi mwa zithunzi zake, amuna anayi ovala maovololo oyera ndi zipewa zolimba aima kutsogolo kwa roketi yaikulu. Kumanja, mawaya, mapaipi ndi mabuloni amapindika mumithunzi yakuda ndi imvi. Kumanzere, kuwalako kumalumikizana. maovololo a amuna, fuselage yopindika ya roketi, ndipo makoma a nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kukhala ndege yoyera. Masiku ano, kukongola kodabwitsa kumeneku sikudziwika. mlendo aliyense adanyamula foni yake ya smartphone.Tinapitiliza kuwombera popanda kung'anima nthawi yayitali usiku, kuwonetsa zomwe timakonda za m'mphepete mwachinsinsi.Kungogwiritsa ntchito mwa apo ndi apo ndi ojambula aukwati kusokoneza malo athu amdima.Anadina chipangizocho pa thupi la kamera ndikusindikiza Chotsekera.Palibe kuphulika koopsa kapena utsi wachitsulo - kungokumbukira kuwala konyezimira kwa magnesiamu. Mtundu wachitsulo womwe wawonetsedwa pachikuto cha nkhaniyi ndi Pantone 877 C, yomwe mtundu wake wonyezimira umachokera ku flakes za aluminiyamu zosakanikirana ndi inki. Mu hydraulic fracturing, kapena hydraulic fracturing, zobowola zimapopera zinthu zomata, zonyezimira, zowoneka bwino pansi pa kukanikizidwa mu chitsime, zomwe zimaphwanya thanthwe ndikutulutsa mafuta otsekeka ndi gasi. fracturing fluid.Chofala kwambiri ndi mchenga. Fracking ndiye amene amagula mchenga waukulu kwambiri ku US. Osati mchenga uliwonse womwe ungachite: Mchenga wabwino kwambiri uli ndi njere zozungulira, zofananira komanso silika wambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupirira kugwidwa pakati pa miyala ikuluikulu. zimadalira pakukumba matani mamiliyoni ambiri a mchenga,” limatero kabuku kamene kamachokera kwa Hi-Crush Inc., “ndi kuwupoperanso pansi.” Mchenga wabwino kwambiri wa frac umachokera kumtunda wa Midwest.Northern White ndi Ottawa White ndi amtengo wapatali chifukwa alibe zonyansa.Sitima zonyamula katundu ndi mabwato amanyamula mchenga kum'mwera kupita ku Permian Basin ndi kum'mawa kupita ku Marcellus Shale.Monga momwe makampaniwa akukulirakulira, obowola kuyesera kuchepetsa mtengo wamayendedwe atembenukira ku malo ophwanyika, kukumba mchenga wosauka wa Oklahoma ndikukumba milu ya West Texas. Nkhokwe ndi zonyamulira zimatola mchenga m'maenje osaya. Njerezo zimatsukidwa, kuzisanjidwa molingana ndi kukula kwake kudzera m'masefa ndi ma centrifuge, ndiyeno kuumitsa mu ng'oma. Nthawi zina mchenga umakutidwa ndi utomoni kuti ukhale wolimba. Obowola amasunga mchenga pamalopo mu silos kapena zotengera zina. Pakafunika, amathira madzi, mankhwala ndi zokometsera monga guar gum mu chosakaniza chachikulu chokwera pamagalimoto ndi pompopedwa pansi. Chiyambireni kukula kwake mu 1909, feteleza athandiza kudyetsa dziko. nthaka yoperekedwa ndi banja la Rockefeller, ng’ombe, nkhosa, mbuzi, nkhumba ndi nkhuku zimasintha mbewu m’malo odyetserako ziweto zosiyanasiyana, ndipo manyowa awo amakhalanso gwero lalikulu la fetereza. chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimayang'aniridwa mosamala kwambiri pa katunduyo. Amachitcha kuti steroid ya zomera za zomera - kuphatikizapo nayitrogeni ndi potaziyamu, zimatha kusintha zukini wodzichepetsa kukhala chitsanzo chodabwitsa. Dan Barber, wophika komanso mwiniwake wa malowa a Blue Hill ku malo odyera a Stone Barns, akufuna kutsimikizira kuti alimi angapindulebe ngati atasiya zomwe amatcha "kukonda kwawo kwa michere imodzi" yokhala ndi zinthu monga phosphorous ndi nayitrogeni. zambiri, phosphorous wowonjezera ndi wovulaza.Feteleza wodzaza madzi osefukira amawononga njira zamadzi polimbikitsa kuchulukana kwa algae ndi udzu. Westchester County, kumene Stone Barn ili, yaletsa feteleza wamalonda wa phosphate chifukwa cha kuwopseza kwa chilengedwe cha Hudson River. Phosphorous yochokera mwachibadwa imakhala yochepa sungunuka - osati yoletsedwa - kotero kuti Stone Barns ikuwonekera bwino. Panali nthawi - 2017 - pamene Brexit ankawoneka kuti akulendewera pa nkhuku zotsukidwa ndi chlorine.Mchitidwe wa sterilization ndi woletsedwa ku Ulaya koma wamba ku United States, womwe waumirira kuti sudzasaina mgwirizano wamalonda ndi pambuyo pa EU Britain kuti sichikuphatikizapo nkhuku zake. Zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake, nduna yaikulu, ndipo pambuyo pake palibe Brexit, zotheka kufika kwa mbalame za klorini kumakwiyitsabe "otsalira". Kuyesetsa kwa US kuti azitha kuphatikizira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zapadziko lapansi (REEs) kwapangitsa kuti pakhale gwero losayembekezereka: pulogalamu ya malasha yomwe idayamba mu 2014 ikufuna kuchotsa dziko la United States kudalira China, popeza migodi 17 yovuta kukumba ndiyofunikira. ku ntchito zambiri zamakono, kuphatikizapo zida. "Zowonetseratu zamakono ndizoti ngati mphamvu zowonjezera za REE zikwaniritsidwa, padzakhala chuma chokwanira cha malasha kuti chikwaniritse zofuna za US," adatero Mary Anne Alvin, woyang'anira luso la DOE la REEs. Ntchito za 22 zimadalira migodi ya malasha yomwe ilipo komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo sizingawononge malo owonjezera, otsogolera adati.Vuto lalikulu ndilopanga njira zamakono zolekanitsa ndi zolemeretsa zomwe zingathe kuwonjezeredwa ku ntchito zogwirira ntchito zamalonda. chinthu, chithandiza kukwaniritsa cholinga ichi.Awa ndi ntchito ziwiri pa malekezero osiyana a mkombero kupanga malasha. Ntchitoyi ikufuna kulanda ma REEs kuchokera ku lignite, malasha otsika kwambiri.Ndizosavuta kuchotsa ku lignite kusiyana ndi malasha apamwamba, adatero Nolan Theaker, mtsogoleri wa pulojekitiyi ku yunivesite ya North Dakota. Malinga ndi Theaker, ndondomeko ya prototype pulverizes, screens ndi mankhwala 44 pounds la lignite pa ola kuti apange gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chinthu chosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi oxide - pafupifupi 1 / 100th ndalama zofunika pa galimoto yamagetsi. ola, ndi woyendetsa wokonzekera 2023, adatero. Ubwino wa kuchotsa kumapeto kwa ndondomekoyi ndikuti chiwerengero cha REE mu phulusa la malasha ndi 6 mpaka 10 kuposa malasha osayaka, adatero Prakash Joshi, mtsogoleri wakale wa Andover, Mass.-based Physical Sciences Inc..Woyendetsa polojekitiyi chomera, chomwe chikuyenera kumalizidwa mu 2020, chidzatsuka matrix agalasi okhala ndi REE kuchokera ku theka la phulusa la tani patsiku kuchokera pafakitale yamagetsi ku Ford, Kentucky, kenako ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yamankhwala kuti apange ma ounces 17 a zinthu zouma zomwe zili ndi osachepera 20% Scandium ndi Yttrium zakuthupi. Zoonadi, Silicon Valley imatchedwa dzina lake kuchokera ku chigawo cha 14, chomangira choyambirira cha makompyuta. ma transistors ataunjika pamwamba; ndi mawaya omwe amalumikizana ndi bolodi la dera-amafunika zigawo zochepa chabe. Masiku ano, opanga ma chipmaker amagwiritsa ntchito kagawo kakang'ono ka tebulo la periodic.-E.Tamikin "Titanium ndi yamphamvu kuposa chitsulo kutentha kwambiri, ndipo inatchedwa Titan. m’nthano zachigiriki,” akutero katswiri wa sayansi Bill Nye.” Sichimangotengera kutentha, koma chimaonekeranso. Ndi zitsulo zomwe anthu amafuna kulumikizana nazo -- ndichifukwa chake, monga momwe Apple Card idatulutsa mu Ogasiti, titaniyamu ndiye chinthu "chomwe" pamakhadi angongole. Makadi achitsulo.Kuwunikanso malo a Credit Card Insider amawerengera zinthu 22 pamsika, ndipo makampani amazitcha kuti zidapangidwa kuchokera ku titaniyamu, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (ie chitsulo, kaboni ndi chrome) komanso golide wa 24K. Ngakhale kuti ali ndi chidwi, ndi ochepa okha omwe adakankhira malire azitsulo.JPMorgan Chase & Co. adalandira kutchulidwa kolemekezeka chifukwa cha khadi lake la JP Morgan Reserve - lofanana ndi khadi la palladium, koma lopangidwa ndi zitsulo zamagulu a platinamu. Makampani ena angaganizire: Pa Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana latsopano, Henry Ford, makampani opanga magalimoto amene analephera kaŵiri kufunafuna chipambano chachitatu, anali ndi lingaliro la mtundu watsopano wa galimoto. Mitundu yoyambirira inali ndi misewu yoipa yapanthaŵiyo ndi kulemera kwake, ndipo inali yodula kupanga. ndi kugula.” Ford analemba motero mu 1906, chinthu chofunika kwambiri masiku ano ndi galimoto yopepuka, yotsika mtengo.