Pamndandanda wolakalaka zakuthambo kwa zaka khumi zikubwerazi: ma telesikopu awiri akulu akulu ndi telesikopu yakuthambo kufufuza zamoyo kupyola Padziko Lapansi ndi dziko lokhalamo anthu.
Akatswiri a zakuthambo a ku America Lachinayi adapempha United States kuti iwononge ndalama za telescope "zazikulu-zapamwamba" za mabiliyoni a madola. Ma telesikopu amenewa adzakhala aakulu kuposa matelesikopu aliwonse omwe ali pa dziko lapansi pano kapena munjira ya mlengalenga.
Ndalamazi zidzafuna chipulumutso ndi kuphatikiza zoyesayesa za mapulojekiti awiri omwe akupikisana, omwe ndi telescope yaikulu ya Magellan ndi telescope ya mamita 30. Akamaliza, kukhudzika kwa ma telesikopu okhala ndi mainchesi akuluakulu a 25 metres ndi 30 metres kudzakhala kokwezeka ka 100 kuposa telesikopu iliyonse yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pano.
Zidzathandiza akatswiri a zakuthambo kuona mbali yaikulu ya milalang’amba yakutali mozama, kumene mabowo aakulu akuda amayenda ndi mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu; fufuzani zinsinsi za zinthu zakuda ndi mphamvu zakuda; ndi kuphunzira mapulaneti ozungulira nyenyezi zina osati dzuwa. Mwina chofunika kwambiri n’chakuti angathe kudzutsa mafunso atsopano okhudza mmene chilengedwe chilili.
Koma akatswiri a zakuthambo akhala akuyesetsa kupeza ndalama zokwanira kwa zaka zambiri kuti akwaniritse maloto awo. M’lingaliro latsopanoli, National Science Foundation ipereka ndalama zokwana madola 1.6 biliyoni a ku America kuti amalize mapulojekiti awiriwa, kenako n’kuthandiza kuwayendetsa ngati gawo la polojekiti yatsopano yotchedwa US Very Large Telescope.
Lachinayi, akatswiri a zakuthambo adalimbikitsanso NASA kuti iyambe pulogalamu yayikulu yowunikira komanso kukhwima kwaukadaulo, yomwe ipanga zida zingapo zakuthambo zaka 20 mpaka 30 zikubwerazi. Yoyamba ndi makina oonera zakuthambo okulirapo kuposa Hubble Space Telescope, yomwe imatha kusaka ndi kuphunzira mapulaneti apadziko lapansi m'chilengedwe chapafupi - mwina "exo-Earth". Akatswiri a zakuthambo amanena kuti NASA yokha ingathe kuchita izi, ndipo adanena kuti ikhoza kukhala yokonzeka mu 2040 pamtengo wa madola 11 biliyoni a US.
Malingaliro awiriwa ndi aakulu kwambiri mu lipoti lamasamba la 614 lomwe likuyembekezeredwa kwa nthawi yaitali " Njira Zotulukira mu Astronomy ndi Astrophysics m'zaka za 2020 "zoperekedwa ndi National Academy of Sciences, Academy of Engineering, ndi School of Medicine Lachinayi.
M’zaka 70 zapitazi, zaka 10 zilizonse, sukuluyi yakhala ikuthandizira kafukufuku wokhudza zakuthambo kuti akhazikitse zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’zaka khumi zikubwerazi. Monga tonse tikudziwa, kafukufuku wazaka khumi adakopa chidwi cha Congress, NASA, National Science Foundation, ndi dipatimenti yamagetsi.
Ntchito ya chaka chino ndi nthambi ya Astronomy yolembedwa ndi Fiona A. Harrison wa California Institute of Technology ndi Robert C. Astronomy wa University of Arizona ndi Texas A&M University. Mapepala oyera okwana 860 adatumizidwa kuti akafufuze, ofotokoza ma telescope omwe angatheke, maulendo apamlengalenga omwe akuyenera kuyambitsidwa, kuyesa kapena kuwunika komwe kukuyenera kuchitidwa, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zomwe gulu la zakuthambo liyenera kuthana nalo.
Dr. Harrison adanena poyankhulana kuti komiti yawo idayesa kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa zofuna ndi nthawi ndi ndalama zofunikira pa ntchitozi. Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro angapo okhudza zamlengalenga zakuthambo aperekedwa. Zina ndi zazikulu kwambiri, zina ndi zazing'ono; ena amatenga zaka zana kuti aphedwe. Gululi silinasankhe m'modzi wa iwo, koma adapempha anthu ammudzi ndi NASA kuti abwere ndi lingaliro la telescope ya mlengalenga ya mita 6. (Magalasi oyambirira a Hubbleos ndi mamita 2.4 m'mimba mwake.)
"Uku ndi kufufuza kwakukulu," anawonjezera. "NASA yokha ndi United States yokha ingachite izi. Tikukhulupirira kuti titha kuchita. ”
Matt Mountain, wapampando wa Association for University Astronomy Research (AURA), yomwe imayang'anira zowonera za National Science Foundation, idati lipoti lazaka khumi ndi "lolimba mtima kwambiri" mu imelo. "Ndipo sanachite manyazi kufotokoza masomphenya kwazaka zambiri, zomwe ndi zomwe zimafunikira komanso zomwe zikufunika."
Kafukufuku wazaka khumi ali ndi mbiri yabwino. Hubble Space Telescope ndi James Webb Space Telescope, zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa mu 1990 ndipo zikugwirabe ntchito-zokonzedwa kuti ziwone chiyambi cha nthawi, ndipo zikuyenera kukhazikitsidwa mwezi wamawa-apindula ndi masanjidwe apamwamba mu kafukufuku wazaka khumi zapitazi. .
Chifukwa chake, magulu a zakuthambo ndi zakuthambo akuyembekezera mwachidwi zotsatira za kafukufuku watsopano uliwonse. "Komitiyi yakhala yachinsinsi nthawi zonse," Natalie Batalha, pulofesa ku yunivesite ya California, Santa Cruz, adatero mu imelo madzulo a lipotilo. Anali pa NASAos Kepler Planet. Adachita gawo lotsogola pantchito yosaka. “Kunena zoona, sindinamve kalikonse. Sindidikira kuti ndidikire.
Mu lipoti lake Lachinayi, kolejiyo inatchula zolinga zitatu za sayansi pazaka khumi zikubwerazi: kufufuza mapulaneti okhalamo ndi moyo; kuphunzira mabowo akuda ndi nyenyezi za nyutroni, zomwe zimayambitsa zochitika zachiwawa kwambiri m'chilengedwe; ndi chitukuko cha milalang'amba. Kukula ndi chisinthiko.
Lipotilo linati: “Zaka zingapo zikubwerazi zidzaika anthu panjira yoti adziŵe ngati tili tokha.” “Zamoyo Padziko Lapansi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha zochitika zofanana, kapena zingafune mikhalidwe yachilendo yoti ndife Cholengedwa chokhacho mu mlalang’amba ngakhalenso m’chilengedwe chonse. Yankho lililonse limakhala lozama.”
Lingaliro la pulojekiti ya Very Large Telescope ndi yofuna kwambiri chifukwa ikuphatikizapo kusakanikirana kwa ma telescope awiri omwe akupikisana, omwe ndi telescope ya mamita 30 yokonzekera pamwamba pa Mauna Kea ku Hawaii kapena Canary Islands ku Spain, ndi telesikopu yaikulu yomwe ikuchitika ya Magellan. Ku Chile.
Ma telesikopu onsewa ndi mgwirizano waukulu wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso cholinga chopeza ndalama ndikulembera anzawo ntchito zaka khumi zapitazi. Kuchuluka kwa ma telesikopu aŵiri ameneŵa n’kofanana ndi kuŵirikiza katatu kuposa cha telesikopu iriyonse ya pa Dziko Lapansi, ndipo kukhoza kuzindikira nyenyezi zofowoka ndi zakutali za m’chilengedwe kumaŵirikiza ka 100 kukula kwake. Mwa kugwirira ntchito limodzi, angathe kuthetsa mafunso ozama okhudza chilengedwe. Koma palibe projekiti yomwe yapeza ndalama zokwanira $2 biliyoni yofunikira kuti ikwaniritse zolinga zake.
Ngati ma telescopes awa sangathe kumangidwa, Ulaya idzapereka utsogoleri wake mu zakuthambo zakuthambo ku Ulaya, yomwe ikupanga telescope ya mamita 39 ku Chileos Atacama Desert-European Very Large Telescope-yomwe ikuyembekezeka kuyamba kugwira ntchito mu 2027. Akatswiri a zakuthambo ena ayerekeza kuthetsedwa kwa projekiti ya 1993 ya American Superconducting Supercollider, yomwe idapereka tsogolo la particle physics kwa CERN ndi Large Hadron Collider ku Geneva.
Ngati National Science Foundation ipereka ndalama pakumaliza ma telesikopu awiriwa, ipeza nthawi yochulukirapo yowonera, yomwe idzapatsidwe kwa akatswiri a zakuthambo aku America.
Dr. Harrison anati: “Ma telesikopu aŵiri ameneŵa ali m’magawo a mbali ya dziko lapansi ndipo ali ndi mapangidwe osiyana kotheratu. Ndizoyenera kwambiri kumaphunziro owonjezera a chilengedwe. ” "Sizingatheke kuganiza kuti United States siipeza."
Mavuto akulu akutiyembekezera. Gulu lalikulu la Magellan lawonongeka ku Chile, koma kupita patsogolo kwa telescope yamamita 30 kwalepheretsedwa ndi zionetsero ndi kutsekereza kwa Amwenye Achihawai ndi magulu ena. Malo ena asankhidwa ku La Palma, Canary Islands.
Poganizira mmene panopa zikugogomezera kwambiri za zomangamanga komanso bajeti imene asayansi akuchulukirabe, akatswiri a zakuthambo akuyembekeza kuti nyenyezi zidzagwirizana ndi masomphenya awo olimba mtima. Koma akhala akuvutitsidwa ndi mbiri ya kuchuluka kwa ndalama. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi James Webb Space Telescope. Pambuyo pazaka zakuchedwa, telesikopuyo idzakhazikitsidwa mu Disembala ndi mtengo womaliza wa US $ 10 biliyoni.
"Zonsezi zaphimbidwa ndi JWST-ndondomeko yonseyi idzakhazikitsidwa ndi kupambana kwake," atero a Michael Turner, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo komanso msilikali wazaka khumi yemwe tsopano akugwira ntchito ku Kavli Foundation ku Los Angeles. "Zala zadutsana."
Osaphonya kadamsana, mvula yamkuntho, kuwomba kwa roketi kapena zochitika zina zakuthambo ndi zakuthambo kupitilira dziko lino.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-15-2021
