Njira zowotcherera zitsulo zopangira ma aloyi pamakampani opanga ma vavu - Mafotokozedwe aukadaulo opangira zitsulo zotsika kutentha kwa mavavu

kuwotcherera njira aloyi structural zitsulo makampani valavu - specifications luso otsika kutentha zitsulo castings kwa mavavu Mphamvu zitsulo, amatchedwanso mkulu mphamvu zitsulo, ali ndi zokolola mphamvu zosachepera 1290MPa ndi kumakokedwa mphamvu zosachepera 440MPa. Malinga ndi mfundo zokolola ndi boma kutentha mankhwala, mphamvu zitsulo akhoza kugawidwa mu otentha adagulung'undisa normalizing zitsulo, otsika mpweya mpweya zitsulo ndi sing'anga mpweya mpweya zitsulo. Hot adagulung'undisa normalizing zitsulo ndi mtundu wa sanali kutentha mankhwala analimbitsa zitsulo, amene zambiri kuperekedwa mu otentha adagulung'undisa kapena normalizing boma. Zimadalira makamaka kusungunuka kwa misa, kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa pearlite, kuyenga tirigu ndi kulimbikitsa mvula kuti zitsimikizire mphamvu. Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon tempered chimadalira kuzimitsa, kutentha kwapamwamba kutentha kutentha ndondomeko (kutentha mankhwala) kulimbikitsa misa aloyi structural zitsulo... Njira zowotcherera zitsulo zomangira zitsulo (1) Gulu lazitsulo zomangira zitsulo Aloyi structural zitsulo ndi mtundu wa zitsulo ndi zinthu zina alloying anawonjezera pa maziko a wamba mpweya zitsulo kukwaniritsa zofunika zosiyanasiyana n'kupanga ntchito ndi katundu. Aloyi structural zitsulo zowotcherera nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magulu awiri otsatirawa. 1 Chitsulo champhamvu Chitsulo champhamvu, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti chitsulo cholimba kwambiri, chimakhala ndi mphamvu zokolola zosachepera 1290MPa ndi mphamvu zamakomedwe zosachepera 440MPa. Malinga ndi mfundo zokolola ndi boma kutentha mankhwala, mphamvu zitsulo akhoza kugawidwa mu otentha adagulung'undisa normalizing zitsulo, otsika mpweya mpweya zitsulo ndi sing'anga mpweya mpweya zitsulo. Hot adagulung'undisa normalizing zitsulo ndi mtundu wa sanali kutentha mankhwala analimbitsa zitsulo, amene zambiri kuperekedwa mu otentha adagulung'undisa kapena normalizing boma. Zimadalira makamaka kusungunuka kwa misa, kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa pearlite, kuyenga tirigu ndi kulimbikitsa mvula kuti zitsimikizire mphamvu. Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon tempered ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi alloy cholimbikitsidwa ndi kuzimitsa ndi kutentha kwapamwamba kutentha njira yochizira kutentha (mankhwala owuma). Mpweya wake wa kaboni nthawi zambiri umakhala wc0.25%, ndipo uli ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu kwambiri, kulimba kwa pulasitiki wabwino, ndipo amatha kuwotcherera mwachindunji mumkwiyo. The carbon zili sing'anga carbon tempered zitsulo ndi 0.3% apamwamba kuposa wc, ndi zokolola mphamvu akhoza kufika oposa 880MPa. Pambuyo kuzimitsa ndi kutentha mankhwala, ali mkulu mphamvu ndi kuuma, koma otsika toughness, kotero weldability ndi osauka. 2. Chitsulo chapadera Malingana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe kapena zofunikira za ntchito zikhoza kugawidwa mu chitsulo cha pearlite kutentha, chitsulo chochepa cha alloy corrosion zitsulo ndi zitsulo zotsika kutentha zitatu. Pearlite kutentha kugonjetsedwa ndi chitsulo wc≤5%, chromium ndi aluminiyamu zochokera hypoeutectoid zitsulo. Ili ndi mphamvu yabwino yotentha komanso kukhazikika. Mfundo yake yapadera ndikuti imakhalabe ndi mphamvu zina komanso kukana kwa okosijeni pa kutentha kwa 500 ~ 600 ℃. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zigawo zotentha kwambiri pazida zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zida za petrochemical. Zitsulo za alloy zosamva dzimbiri zotsika zimaphatikizapo zitsulo zosamva dzimbiri za aluminiyamu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida za petrochemical ndi zitsulo zokhala ndi phosphorous ndi zamkuwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madzi a m'nyanja kapena zitsulo zosagwirizana ndi dzimbiri mumlengalenga. Kuphatikiza pa kukhutiritsa zida zonse zamakina, chitsulo chamtunduwu chimakhalanso ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri mu sing'anga yofananira. Nthawi zambiri ntchito yotentha adagulung'undisa kapena normalizing boma, ndi sanali kutentha mankhwala a kulimbitsa zitsulo. Otsika kutentha pepala zitsulo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito -40 ~ 196 ℃ otsika zipangizo kutentha ndi mbali structural, chofunika chachikulu cha toughness otsika kutentha, mphamvu si mkulu. Nthawi zambiri amagawanika kukhala zitsulo zopanda nickel ndi zitsulo zokhala ndi faifi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa moto kapena zowonongeka, zimakhala za mankhwala osatentha a chitsulo cholimbitsa. 3. Kusanthula kwa weldability wa chitsulo cholimba kwambiri Mavuto akulu akuwotcherera kwachitsulo champhamvu kwambiri ndi: crystallization crack, liquefaction crack, cold crack, reheat crack ndi kutentha komwe kumakhudza kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito a zone (1) Mng'alu wa Crystal The crystal crack mu weld imapangidwa mkati. Kumapeto kwa nthawi yowotcherera yolimba chifukwa eutectic yokhala ndi malo otsika osungunuka imapanga filimu yamadzimadzi pamalire ambewu ndikusweka m'malire a tirigu chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwamphamvu. Kupanga kwake kumagwirizana ndi zomwe zili zonyansa (monga sulfure, phosphorous, carbon, etc.) mu weld. Zonyansa izi ndizinthu zomwe zimalimbikitsa ming'alu ya crystallization ndipo ziyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa. Manganese ali ndi mphamvu ya desulphurization, yomwe imatha kupititsa patsogolo kukana kwa ming'alu ya weld. (2) Kutentha komwe kumakhudzidwa ndi zowotcherera za liquefied crack Kusungunuka kwamadzi kumachitika chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa eutectic yosungunuka pafupi ndi malire ambewu yachitsulo muzitsulo zosanjikiza zambiri pansi pa kupsinjika kwamphamvu chifukwa cha kutentha kwa njinga. 4 Njira yowotcherera yachitsulo champhamvu kwambiri Njira yowotcherera imaphatikizapo kusankha njira zowotcherera ndi zida zowotcherera, kutsimikizika kwazinthu zowotcherera, kupanga ogwira ntchito yochizira kutentha komanso kupanga msonkhano wowotcherera ndi kutsata ndondomeko. Njira yowotcherera yololera ndiyofunikira kwambiri kuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino, kukonza bwino komanso kuchepetsa mtengo. (1) Hot anagubuduza ndi ndondomeko kuwotcherera zitsulo yachibadwa Hot anagubuduza zitsulo yachibadwa ali weldability wabwino, kokha pamene ndondomeko kuwotcherera si bwino adzaoneka olowa ntchito mavuto. Hot adagulung'undisa ndi yachibadwa zitsulo ndi oyenera njira zosiyanasiyana kuwotcherera, makamaka malinga makulidwe a zinthu, kapangidwe mankhwala, weld udindo ndi zinthu zenizeni pansi ntchito. Nthawi zambiri, kuwotcherera kungatheke ndi kuwotcherera kwa arc, kuwotcherera kwa arc, kuwotcherera kwa mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi kuwotcherera kwa electroslag. Pofuna kupewa kuphulika m'dera lotentha kwambiri, kutentha kochepa kuyenera kusankhidwa. Small kutentha athandizira ndi preheating miyeso angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulamulira interlayer kutentha kupewa ming'alu pamene kuwotcherera zitsulo ndi makulidwe lalikulu ndi maziko zitsulo aloyi zinthu. Cholinga chosankha zipangizo zowotcherera ndi ziwiri: imodzi ndikupewa zolakwika zamtundu uliwonse mu weld, zina ndizofanana ndi makina azitsulo zazitsulo. Chifukwa chapadera cha weld crystallization, mankhwala ake nthawi zambiri amakhala osiyana ndi zitsulo zoyambira. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito kuwotcherera arc electrode, mutha kusankha ma elekitirodi omwe mphamvu yake imagwirizana ndi chitsulo choyambira, ndiko kuti, molingana ndi b wa zitsulo zoyambira zomwe mungasankhe. Chitsulo chotentha chotentha chokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zowotcherera komanso kung'ung'udza pang'ono kumatha kusankha ma elekitirodi a calcium omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kapena ma electrode otsika a haidrojeni. Kwa chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri, ma elekitirodi otsika a haidrojeni ayenera kusankhidwa. Kutentha kwachitsulo chotsika kwa mavavu Muyezo uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mavavu, ma flanges ndi ma castings ena oponderezedwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kochepa kuchokera -254 ℃ mpaka -29 ℃. Ma castings onse ayenera kutenthedwa molingana ndi kapangidwe kake ndi kapangidwe kake. Pofuna kupanga makoma a khoma lakuda kuti agwirizane ndi zofunikira zamakina, nthawi zambiri zimafunika kuzimitsa zitsulo zazitsulo za thupi la chingwe. Pamaso normalizing kapena quenching, ndi chololedwa kuziziritsa kuponyera mwachindunji pansi pa kutentha osiyanasiyana gawo kusintha pambuyo kuponyera ndi solidification. Pamene njira *** kuponyera pamwamba chilema adzatulutsa kutentha, kuponyera ayenera preheated kuti osachepera kutentha otchulidwa Table 4 pamaso kukhazikitsa. Kukula kwa Muyezowu kumatanthawuza zofunikira zaukadaulo, njira zoyesera, malamulo oyendera ndi zikwangwani zoponyera zitsulo zotsika kutentha kwa mavavu (apa amatchedwa "castings"). Muyezo uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mavavu, ma flanges ndi ma castings ena oponderezedwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kochepa kuchokera -254 ℃ mpaka -29 ℃. Chikalata chodziwika bwino Zomwe zili m'malemba otsatirawa zimakhala za Mulingo uwu potengera Mulingo uwu. Pamatchulidwe apanthawi yake, zosintha zonse (kupatulapo zolakwika) kapena zosinthidwa sizikugwira ntchito pa Mulingo uno, komabe, omwe akuchita nawo mapangano pansi pa Mulingo uwu akulimbikitsidwa kuti afufuze kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zolembedwazi. Kwa maumboni omwe sanatchulidwe, matembenuzidwe awo amagwira ntchito pamlingo uwu. GB/T222-2006 chitsulo chowunikira mankhwala - Zitsanzo za njira zotsatsira ndi kupatuka kovomerezeka kwa mankhwala omalizidwa GB/T 223 (mbali zonse) Njira zowunikira chitsulo, chitsulo ndi aloyi GB/T 228-2002 Zida Zachitsulo - Tensile kuyesa kutentha kwachipinda (ISO 6892:1998 (E), MOD) GB/T 229-1994 Metal Charpy notch test impact (eqv TSG 148:1983) Dimensional tolerances and Machining allowance for Castings (eqv ISO 8062:1994) GB/ T 9452-2003 Ng'anjo yochizira kutentha -- Kutsimikiza kwa malo otenthetsera abwino Kuponyera zitsulo za kaboni pazantchito zaukadaulo wamba (neq ISO 3755:1991) GB/T 12224-2005 mavavu achitsulo Zofunikira zonse GB/T 12230--2005 zopangira zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri Ma valve General - Mafotokozedwe Aukadaulo Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zotsimikizira mtundu wa kuwotcherera (> GB/T 13927 General valve pressure test (GB/T 13927-- ​​1992.neq ISO 5208:1382) GB/T15169-2003 Kuwunika kwa luso la wowotcherera zitsulo (ISO / DIS 9606-1: 2002) JB/T 6439 Vavu kuponyedwa chitsulo maginito tinthu anayendera Radiographic kufufuza psinjika kuponyedwa zitsulo zigawo JB/T 6440 Vavu JB/T 6902 valavu kuponyedwa zitsulo - njira mayeso kulowa madzi JB/T 7927 valavu zitsulo castings maonekedwe amafuna khalidwe ASTM A3S1/A3S1M Austenite ndi austenite kwa mbali kuthamanga. Mafotokozedwe a ferritic (biphase) zitsulo zoponyera ASTM A352/A352M Mafotokozedwe a Ferritic ndi Martensitic Steel Castings Pazigawo Zotsika Kutentha Kuponderezedwa Zofunikira Zaumisiri Zofunikira giredi ndi kutentha kwautumiki Gawo lazinthu ndi kutentha kwa ntchito yakuponya zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 1. Gulu 1 Kuponya kalasi yakuthupi ndi kutentha kwa ntchito Kuphatikizika kwa Chemical ndi makina amakina Kapangidwe kakemidwe ka ma castings kudzagwirizana ndi zomwe zili mu Gulu 2. Gulu 2 Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a ma castings (gawo la misa)