Izixhobo ze-ceramic ezikumgangatho ophezulu wokufuna izicelo zenkonzo

Sisebenzisa iikuki ukuphucula amava akho. Ngokuqhubeka nokukhangela le webhusayithi, uyavumelana nokusebenzisa kwethu iikuki. Iinkcukacha ezithe xaxe. Akukho nkcazo esemthethweni yenkonzo enzulu. Inokuqondwa njengeemeko zokusebenza apho ixabiso lokutshintshwa kwevalve liphezulu okanye amandla okusebenza ancitshisiwe. Kukho imfuneko yehlabathi jikelele yokunciphisa iindleko zenkqubo yokuvelisa ukuze kwandiswe inzuzo yawo onke amacandelo abandakanyekayo kwiimeko zenkonzo ezimbi. Ezi zisusela kwi-oyile negesi kunye neekhemikhali zepetroli ukuya kumandla enyukliya nokuveliswa kombane, ukusetyenzwa kwezimbiwa kunye nokwembiwa kwemigodi. Abaqulunqi kunye neenjineli bazama ukufezekisa le njongo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo kukwandisa ixesha kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngokulawula ngokufanelekileyo iiparamitha zenkqubo (ezifana nokuvalwa okusebenzayo kunye nokulawula ukuhamba kakuhle). Ukulungiswa kokhuseleko nako kudlala indima ebalulekileyo, kuba ukunciphisa ukutshintshwa kunokukhokelela kwindawo ekhuselekileyo yemveliso. Ukongeza, inkampani isebenzela ukunciphisa uluhlu lwezixhobo, kubandakanya iimpompo kunye neevalvu, kunye nokulahlwa okufunekayo. Kwangaxeshanye, abanikazi beziko balindele utshintsho olukhulu kwii-asethi zabo. Ngenxa yoko, ukwanda kwamandla okusebenza kubangela imibhobho embalwa kunye nezixhobo (kodwa i-diameters enkulu) kunye nezixhobo ezimbalwa zokuhambisa imveliso efanayo. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukongeza ekubeni ube mkhulu kwidayamitha yombhobho obanzi, icandelo lenkqubo enye likwafuna ukumelana nokuvezwa ixesha elide kwiimeko ezirhabaxa ukuze kuncitshiswe imfuno yogcino kunye nokutshintshwa kwasemsebenzini. Izixhobo ezibandakanya iivalvu kunye neebhola zevalve kufuneka zomelele ukuze zihambelane nesicelo esifunwayo, kodwa zinokubonelela ngobomi obude benkonzo. Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki enkulu kunye nezicelo ezininzi kukuba iindawo zetsimbi zifikelele kumda wokusebenza kwazo. Oku kubonisa ukuba abaqulunqi banokufumana iindlela ezizezinye kwizinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi, ngakumbi izixhobo ze-ceramic, ezifuna izicelo zenkonzo. Imilinganiselo eqhelekileyo efunekayo ukuze kusetyenziswe amacandelo phantsi kweemeko zenkonzo eqatha ibandakanya ukuxhathisa kukothuka kwe-thermal, ukuxhathisa kokutya, ukuxhathisa ukudinwa, ubulukhuni, ukomelela, kunye nokuqina. Ukomelela yiparameter engundoqo, kuba amacandelo anganyangekiyo kangako anokusilela ngentlekele. Ukuqina kwezixhobo ze-ceramic kuchazwa njengokuchasana nokusasazeka kwe-crack. Kwezinye iimeko, kunokulinganiswa kusetyenziswa indlela yokufakwa kwe-indentation, ekhokelela kumaxabiso aphezulu okwenziwa. Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi yecala elinye kunokubonelela ngemilinganiselo echanekileyo. Amandla anxulumene nokuqina, kodwa abhekisa kwindawo enye apho imathiriyeli isilela ngentlekele xa kusenziwa uxinzelelo. Idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "modulus of rupture" kwaye ilinganiswa ngokwenza umlinganiselo wamandla okugoba wamanqaku amathathu okanye amane kwintonga yovavanyo. Uvavanyo lwamanqaku amathathu lunika ixabiso elingaphezulu kwe-1% ngaphezu kovavanyo lwamanqaku amane. Nangona ubulukhuni bunokulinganiswa ngezikali ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya iRockwell kunye neVickers, isikali seVickers microhardness sifanelekile kakhulu kwizinto eziphambili zeceramic. Ubunzima buhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokuxhatshazwa kwezinto eziphathekayo. Kwi-valve esebenza ngendlela ye-cyclic, ukukhathala kuyingxaki enkulu ngenxa yokuvulwa okuqhubekayo kunye nokuvalwa kwe-valve. Ukudinwa ngumda wamandla, ngaphaya koko izinto ziya kuhlala zisilela ngaphantsi kwamandla aqhelekileyo okugoba. Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion kuxhomekeke kwindawo yokusebenza kunye ne-medium equkethe izinto. Kule ntsimi, izinto ezininzi ze-ceramic eziphuculweyo zineenzuzo ngaphezu kweentsimbi, ngaphandle kwe "hydrothermal degradation", eyenzeka xa ezinye izinto ezisekelwe kwi-zirconia zibonakaliswe kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. Inxalenye yejometri, i-coefficient yokwandisa i-thermal, i-thermal conductivity, ukuqina kunye namandla achaphazelekayo kukutshitshiswa kwe-thermal. Le yindawo ehambelana ne-thermal conductivity ephezulu kunye nokuqina, ngoko ke iinxalenye zetsimbi zinokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqhubela phambili kwizinto ze-ceramic ngoku kubonelela ngamanqanaba amkelekileyo okumelana nokothuka kwe-thermal. Iiseramics eziphucukileyo zisetyenziswe iminyaka emininzi kwaye zithandwa phakathi kweenjineli ezithembekileyo, iinjineli zezityalo kunye nabayili bevalve abafuna ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nexabiso. Ngokweemfuno ezikhethekileyo zesicelo, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuxutywa komntu ngamnye ezifanelekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini. Nangona kunjalo, iiseramics ezine eziphambili zibaluleke kakhulu kwintsimi yeevalvu zenkonzo enzima. Ziquka i-silicon carbide (SiC), i-silicon nitride (Si3N4), i-alumina kunye ne-zirconia. Izinto zevalve kunye nebhola yevalve zikhethwa ngokweemfuno ezithile zokusetyenziswa. Iifom ezimbini eziphambili ze-zirconia zisetyenziselwa iivalve, zombini zine-coefficient efanayo yokwandiswa kwe-thermal kunye nokuqina njengentsimbi. I-Magnesium oxide iqinile ngokuyinxenye i-zirconia (Mg-PSZ) inokumelana nokothuka kwe-thermal kunye nokuqina, ngelixa i-yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) iqina kwaye yomelele, kodwa ichaphazeleka kwi-hydrothermal degradation. I-Silicon nitride (i-Si3N4) ineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqulunqa. Uxinzelelo lwegesi sintered silicon nitride (GPPSN) yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiivalvu kunye namalungu evalvu. Ukongeza kwi-avareji yokuqina kwayo, ikwabonelela ngobulukhuni obuphezulu kunye nokomelela, ukuxhathisa ukothuka kwe-thermal kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Ukongezelela, kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu be-steam, i-Si3N4 yindawo efanelekileyo ye-zirconia, enokuthintela ukuthotywa kwe-hydrothermal. Xa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali luqinile, inkcazo ingakhetha i-silicon carbide okanye i-alumina. Zombini izixhobo zinobunzima obuphezulu, kodwa azinamandla kune-zirconia okanye i-silicon nitride. Oku kubonisa ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zifaneleke kakhulu kwizicelo ze-static component, ezifana ne-valve linings kunye nezihlalo zevalve, kunokuba iibhola zevalve okanye iidiski eziphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Xa kuthelekiswa nemathiriyeli yentsimbi esetyenziswa kwi-valve yenkonzo engqongqo (kubandakanywa i-ferrochrome (CrFe), i-tungsten carbide, i-Hastelloy kunye ne-Stellite), izixhobo ze-ceramic eziphucukileyo zinobulukhuni obuphantsi kunye namandla afanayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwenkonzo enzima kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweevalve ezijikelezayo, ezinjengeevalve zebhabhathane, ii-trunnions, iivalve zebhola ezidadayo, kunye ne-spring valves. Kwizicelo ezinjalo, i-Si3N4 kunye ne-zirconia ibonisa ukuxhathisa ukothuka kwe-thermal, ukuqina kunye namandla okuziqhelanisa neyona ndawo inzima kakhulu. Ngenxa yobunzima kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion yezinto eziphathekayo, ubomi benkonzo yamacandelo bunyuswa ngamaxesha amaninzi xa kuthelekiswa neengxenye zetsimbi. Ezinye izibonelelo zibandakanya iimpawu zokusebenza zevalve ngexesha lokuphila kwayo, ngakumbi kwiindawo apho igcina amandla okuvala kunye nokulawula. Oku kuboniswa kwisicelo apho i-65 mm (2.6 in) i-valve kynar / i-RTFE ibhola kunye ne-liner zibonakaliswe kwi-98% ye-sulfuric acid kunye ne-ilmenite, eguqulelwa kwi-titanium oxide pigment. Ubume bemithombo yeendaba buthetha ukuba ubomi bala macandelo bunokuba bubude beeveki ezintandathu. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-valve valve trim eyenziwe ngu-Nilcra™ (Figure 1), eyiproprietary magnesium oxide i-zirconia encinci (i-Mg-PSZ), inobunzima obubalaseleyo kunye nokumelana nokubola, kwaye inokubonelela iminyaka emithathu yeNkonzo engaphazamisekiyo ngaphandle kokubonwa. nxibela ukuyikrazula. Kwiivalvu ezinqamlezileyo, kubandakanywa iivalvu ze-angle, iivalvu ze-throttle okanye iivalve zeglowubhu, ngenxa yeempawu "zetywina eliqinileyo" zezi mveliso, i-zirconia kunye ne-silicon nitride zifanelekile kwiiplagi zevalvu kunye nezihlalo zevalvu. Ngokufanayo, i-alumina ingasetyenziselwa ezinye iigaskets kunye neekheji. Ngokudibanisa iibhola zokugaya kwisihlalo sevalve, iqondo eliphezulu lokutywinwa linokufezekiswa. Kulwaleko lwevalvu, kubandakanywa undoqo wevalvu, indawo yokungena kunye nendawo yokuphuma okanye ivalvu yomzimba, nayiphi na enye yezinto ezine eziphambili zeseramic ingasetyenziswa ngokweemfuno zesicelo. Ubulukhuni obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokubola kwezinto kubonakalise ukuba luncedo malunga nokusebenza kwemveliso kunye nobomi benkonzo. Thatha ivalve yebhabhathane ye-DN150 esetyenziswa kwindawo yokucokisa i-bauxite yase-Australia njengomzekelo. Umxholo ophezulu we-silica ophakathi unika umgangatho ophezulu wokunxiba kwi-valve lining. I-gaskets kunye neediski ezisetyenzisiweyo ekuqaleni zenziwe nge-28% ye-CrFe alloy kwaye zahlala iiveki ezisibhozo ukuya kwezilishumi kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, ngeevalvu ezenziwe nge-Nilcra™ zirconia (Umfanekiso 2), ubomi benkonzo bunyukile ukuya kwiiveki ezingama-70. Ngenxa yokuqina kunye namandla, iiseramics zisebenza kakuhle kwiinkqubo ezininzi zevalvu. Nangona kunjalo, bubunzima babo kunye nokumelana nokubola okunceda ukwandisa ubomi benkonzo yevalve. Oku kunciphisa iindleko zomjikelo wobomi bonke ngokunciphisa ixesha lokuphumla kwiindawo ezitshintshiweyo, ukunciphisa inkunzi yokusebenza kunye ne-inventri, ukuphathwa okuncinci kwezandla, kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko ngokunciphisa ukuvuza. Kwangexesha elide, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-ceramic kwii-valve eziphezulu zoxinzelelo kuye kwaba enye yeengxaki eziphambili, kuba ezi zivalo zixhomekeke kwimithwalo ephezulu ye-axial okanye ye-torsional. Nangona kunjalo, abadlali abaphambili kweli bala ngoku baphuhlisa uyilo lwebhola yevalve ukuphucula ukusinda kwetorque yokuqhuba. Omnye umda omkhulu sisikali. Ubungakanani besihlalo sevalve sikhulu kunye nebhola enkulu yevalve (Umfanekiso 3) oveliswe kwi-zirconia ezinzileyo kunye ne-magnesium oxide yi-DN500 kunye ne-DN250, ngokulandelanayo. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabacacisi okwangoku bakhetha iiseramikhi kumalungu angaphantsi kobu bukhulu. Nangona izixhobo ze-ceramic ngoku zibonakaliswe ukuba zilukhetho olufanelekileyo, ezinye izikhokelo ezilula kufuneka zilandelwe ukwandisa ukusebenza kwazo. Izinto zeCeramic kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuphela kuqala xa iindleko kufuneka zigcinwe zincinci. Iikona ezibukhali kunye nokugxininiswa koxinzelelo kufuneka kugwenywe ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Nakuphi na ukungafani kokwandiswa kwe-thermal okunokwenzeka kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ngexesha lesigaba soyilo. Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-hoop, i-ceramic kufuneka igcinwe ngaphandle, kungekhona ngaphakathi. Ekugqibeleni, imfuno yokunyamezela kwejometri kunye nokugqitywa kwendawo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokucophelela, njengoko oku kuya kwandisa kakhulu iindleko ezingeyomfuneko. Ngokulandela ezi zikhokelo kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokukhetha izixhobo kunye nokulungelelanisa nabanikezeli ukususela ekuqaleni kweprojekthi, isisombululo esifanelekileyo sinokufezekiswa kuzo zonke izicelo zenkonzo enzima. Olu lwazi luvela kwizinto ezinikezwa nguMorgan Advanced Materials kwaye iye yahlaziywa kwaye yatshintshwa. IMorgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. (2019, Novemba 28). Izixhobo ze-ceramic ezikumgangatho ophezulu wokufuna izicelo zenkonzo. AZoM. Ifunyenwe ku-https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305 nge-7 kaJulayi, 2021. Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Imathiriyeli ye-ceramic ephezulu yokufuna izicelo zenkonzo". AZoM. Nge-7 kaJulayi, 2021. . IMorgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Imathiriyeli ye-ceramic ephezulu yokufuna izicelo zenkonzo". AZoM. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305. (Ifikeleleke nge-7 kaJulayi, 2021). IMorgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. 2019. Imathiriyeli ye-ceramic ephuculweyo yokufuna izicelo zenkonzo. I-AZoM, ijongwe nge-7 kaJulayi, 2021, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305. 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