Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zovavanyo lwe-radiographic yevalve yokucinezelwa kwevalve yentsimbi yokuphosa imbonakalo yeemfuno zentsimbi

Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zovavanyo lwe-radiographic ye-valve yokucinezela i-valve yentsimbi yokuphosa i-valve yentsimbi yeemfuno zembonakalo yentsimbi. Iziphene zokuphosa kwifilimu zahlulwe zibe ziindidi ezintlanu: umngxuma womoya, isanti kunye nokufakwa kwe-slag, umngxuma wokushwabana kunye ne-porosity, i-chiller yangaphakathi engaxutywanga kunye ne-crack. I-pores yeziphene kwindawo yokulungisa i-welding kwi-negative inokuthathwa njengovavanyo lweziphene zokuphosa, ngelixa i-slag kwindawo yokulungisa i-welding ayichithwanga kwaye i-welded ngokusebenzisa ingathathwa njenge-slag yokubandakanywa kweziphene zokuphosa. . Ubungakanani besiphene bulinganiswa ngokobukhulu bomfanekiso osisiphene kwifilimu. Ewe. Kumngxuma wokushwabana, kuphela ubukhulu bendawo ecacileyo yesiphene ngasinye bulinganiswa, hayi ubungakanani besithunzi esifuze esijikelezileyo. Xa iziphene ezibini okanye ezingaphezulu zidibana kwifilimu, ubungakanani bazo kufuneka bulinganiswe ngokwahlukeneyo. Uqhagamshelo: Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zovavanyo lweradiographic ye-valve compression steel castings (II) 5. Ukuhlelwa kwesiphene kunye nendlela yokuvavanya ifilimu ye-radiographic 5.1 Ukuhlelwa kwesiphene kunye nobukhulu bomlinganiselo 5.1.1 Ukukhubazeka kokuphosa kwifilimu kunokwahlulwa ngokwamacandelo amahlanu: umngxuma womoya, isanti. kunye nokufakwa kwe-slag, i-shrinkage hole kunye ne-porosity, i-chiller yangaphakathi ingaxutywanga kwaye iqhekeke. I-pores yeziphene kwindawo yokulungisa i-welding kwi-negative inokuthathwa njengovavanyo lweziphene zokuphosa, ngelixa i-slag kwindawo yokulungisa i-welding ayichithwanga kwaye i-welded ngokusebenzisa ingathathwa njenge-slag yokubandakanywa kweziphene zokuphosa. . 5.1.2 Ubungakanani besiphako bulinganiswa ngokobukhulu bomfanekiso onesiphene kwifilimu. Ewe. Kumngxuma wokushwabana, kuphela ubukhulu bendawo ecacileyo yesiphene ngasinye bulinganiswa, hayi ubungakanani besithunzi esifuze esijikelezileyo. Xa iziphene ezibini okanye ezingaphezulu zidibana kwifilimu, ubungakanani bazo kufuneka bulinganiswe ngokwahlukeneyo. 5.1.3 Xa isiphene siqhagamshelwe kuluhlu lovavanyo (indawo yokujonga) umda, siya kufakwa kwiindawo zokubala ngaphakathi kwendawo yovavanyo. 5.2 Umgangatho wesiphako somngxuma womoya, isanti kunye ne-slag 5.2.1 Khetha indawo eneziphene ezininzi kwifilimu engalunganga njengendawo yovavanyo. Ubungakanani bendawo yovavanyo kunye nenani elikhulu elivumelekileyo leziphoso lichazwe kwiTheyibhuli 6 kunye ne-7. ITheyibhuli 6 Ubungakanani bendawo yovavanyo kunye neendawo ezinkulu ezivumelekileyo zeepores. kunye nokufakwa kwe-slag 5.2.2 Inani leengongoma zesiphene esinye liya kuchazwa kwiThebhile 8 kwaye ngokobungakanani besiphene. Nangona kunjalo, iziphene ezincinci kunezo zichazwe kwiTheyibhile yesi-9 azinakubalwa. Itheyibhile 8 Inani lamanqaku kwiziphene zomntu ngamnye Itheyibhile 9 ayibali inani leziphene xa kuthelekiswa nobukhulu obuvumelekileyo. Inokuvavanywa ngokweThebhile 6 kunye neTheyibhile 7 ngokulandelelanayo, kodwa ubungakanani beepores ezinkulu, izibonda zesanti kunye nezithinteli zokucoca ezivumelekileyo kwinqanaba 1 aziyi kudlula ezo zichazwe kwiThebhile io kunye neTheyibhile 11 ngokulandelelanayo. Itheyibhuli 10 Ubungakanani bomngxuma omkhulu obuvumelekileyo kwiziphene eziphambili Itheyibhile 11 Xa kuthelekiswa ukuxinana kwesanti enkulu kunye nobukhulu bokucoca obuvumelekileyo kwiziphene ezingundoqo 5.3 Ibakala elinesiphene lokushwabana komngxuma 5.3.1. Khetha indawo enkulu kakhulu yobude okanye indawo yesiphene kwi-negative yovavanyo. Ubungakanani bendawo yovavanyo kunye nobukhulu obuvumelekileyo besiphene buchazwe kwiTheyibhile 12 okanye 13. Uluhlu 12 Ubude obukhulu obuvumelekileyo besatin kwiziphene zomngxunya ocuthekileyo we-strike 13 Indawo enkulu evumelekileyo yeziphene zomngxuma wokushwabana kwedendritic 5.3.2 Iziphene zomngxunya zinokwahlulwa zibe yi-strip shrinkage cavity, i-dendritic shrinkage cavity kunye ne-shrinkage yendawo enkulu ngokwemilo yazo. 5.3.3 Ukubalwa kobude besiphako somngxunya wokushwabana komcu: umngxuma wokushwabana komcu uthatha ubude bomngxuma oshwabeneyo omkhulu njengobude besiphako; Imingxunya emibini okanye ngaphezulu yokucutha isixa sobude bomngxuma wokushwabana ngamnye njengobude besiphene. Xa umngxuma wokucutha usemda wendawo yovavanyo, inxalenye engaphandle komgca wesiphene kufuneka ifakwe. 5.3.4 Ukubalwa kwendawo enesiphene ye-dendritic shrinkage cavity: i-dendritic shrinkage cavity yimveliso yobude obukhulu besiphako kunye nobubanzi obukhulu bemveliso ye-orthogonal yendawo yesiphene ye-shrinkage cavity; Imingxunya emibini okanye ngaphezulu ye-dendritic shrinkage sum of the areas of shrinkage cavity nganye njengendawo yesiphene. Xa umngxuma wokucutha usemda wendawo yovavanyo, inxalenye engaphandle komgca wesiphene kufuneka ifakwe. 5.3.5 Xa kukho yomibini imingxunya eshwabeneyo emile okwe-dendritic kwindawo yovavanyo, umgodi wokushwabana omile okwemigca uya kuthathwa njengomgodi wokushwabana kwesebe ukuze uvandlakanywe. Ubude bomgobo wokushwabana okubumevu buya kuba bubude bendawo eshwabeneyo emile okwemigca, kwaye ububanzi bube sisinye kwisithathu sobude. 5.3.6. Isiphene sokuncipha kwengingqi enkulu sibalwa ngemveliso yobude obukhulu ngokwentelekiso ephindaphindwe ngobubanzi obukhulu be-orthogonal kuyo. 5.3.7 Ibakala leziphene zomgodi wokushwabana ziya kuvavanywa ngokobude okanye indawo yeziphene kwindawo yovavanyo. Nangona kunjalo, imingxuma ecuthekayo emincinci kuneyo ichazwe kwiTheyibhile ye-14 ayinakubalwa njengeziphene. 5.3.8 Umngxuma wokushwabana komngxuma womgodi uya kuvavanywa ngokwe-iz ngokwesamba sobude besiphene kuvavanyo G; I-dendritic shrinkage cavity yavavanywa ngokweThebhile 13 ngokwesixa sendawo yesiphene kwindawo yovavanyo. Ukuncipha kwendawo enkulu kuvavanywa ngokwesixa sendawo yesiphene kwindawo yovavanyo ngokwexabiso kwizibiyeli kwiTheyibhile 13. Itheyibhile 14 Ubungakanani obukhulu beziphene zokushwabana komngxuma ngaphandle kovavanyo 5.3.9 Ukuqhekeka (ukuqhekeka okushushu kunye nokuqhekeka okubandayo) , i-inner chiller engaxutywanga kunye nenkxaso yodaka olungundoqo olungaxutywanga kwifilimu ndiya kufakwa kwibakala lesi-6. iya kwenziwa ngokulandelelanayo ngokweentlobo zeziphene, kwaye ke ukulinganisa okubanzi kuya kwenziwa ngokwendlela enikwe kwi-5.42 ~ 5.4.4. 5.4.2 Kwindawo yovavanyo, ukuba kukho iziphene zomhlaba olinganayo okanye ezimbini kwaye ibakala alilulanga, udidi olusezantsi luya kuthathwa njengolulinganiso olubanzi. 5.4.3 Kwinkalo yovavanyo, ukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zeziphene ezinebakala elifanayo, ireyithingi ebanzi iya kuncitshiswa ngenqanaba elinye. Kwimeko yeentlobo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zodidi lweziphene, 'isiphene siya kuchazwa njengoDidi 2 xa inani, ubude okanye indawo yesiphene idlula i-1/2 yexabiso elivumelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, isiphene esichazwe njengenqanaba lesi-2 ngokweThebhile 10 okanye iTheyibhile 11, okanye isiphene esichazwe njengenqanaba lesi-2 ngokweThebhile 9 kunye neThebhile 14, engaphaya komda wokusetyenziswa kweNqanaba i ngaphandle kobungakanani bokuthelekisa isiphene, ihlelwe njengenqanaba lesi-2 nokuba lixutywe nelinye inqanaba lesi-2 lesiphene. 5.4.4 Ukuba umhlalutyi ucinga ukuba isiphene sineengozi zokhuseleko, sinokugwetywa njengento engafanelekanga. Iivalve zentsimbi ziya kuhlolwa okwesibini emva kokuba zinxitywe kwaye zilungiswe, kwaye ziya kuvavanywa kwiziphene ezahlukeneyo kumphezulu ngokwezithombe ezichazwe kulo mgangatho (jonga iSahluko 4). Lo mgangatho uqokelele iintlobo zeminyaka yobudala eyi-12 yesiphene (jonga 4.1--4.12, uhlobo ngalunye lwesiphene lubandakanya iimeko ezi-5 ezimelwe ngu-A, B, C, D kunye no-E. Zonke iintlobo zesiphene [uhlobo a} ukukhanya c}} amagama kwiifoto zokulinganisa kuchazwe kuphela ngenxa yeziphene ezingaphezulu Iindidi kunye neempawu zeziphene ezahlukeneyo zomphezulu zichazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Uluhlu lwe-1 Lo mgangatho uchaza iintlobo kunye neempawu zokukhubazeka komphezulu kwiivalve, iiflegi, izixhobo zombhobho kunye nezinye izinto zokuxinzelela zensimbi ukuhlolwa kunye nokwamkelwa komgangatho womphezulu wee-valve, ii-flanges, izifakelo zombhobho kunye nezinye i-conpressation castings zensimbi 2. Ukuhlolwa komgangatho ophezulu Iintsimbi zentsimbi kufuneka zihlolwe okwesibini emva kokulungiswa kunye nokulungiswa, kunye neziphene kumphezulu weentsimbi kufuneka zihlolwe. zivavanywe ngokweefoto ezichazwe kulo mgangatho (jonga iSahluko 4 3. Ukulinganisa i-caption yesithombe 3.1 Lo mgangatho uqokelela iindidi ze-12 zesiphene sobudala (jonga 4.1-4.12), uhlobo ngalunye lwesiphene lubandakanya iimeko ezi-5 ezimelwe ngu-A). , B, C, D no-E, iimeko ezimbini eziboniswe ngu-A no-B zamkelekile (ezifanelekileyo), kwaye iimeko ezintathu ze-C, D kunye no-E azivumelekanga (ezingenakufaneleka). Ukuqwalasela iingxaki ezibangelwa yi-wax esebenzisa umgangatho ofanayo ukumisela ubungakanani bobubanzi bomhlaba wokuphosa, iifoto ezingama-60 ezibonelelwe kulo mgangatho ziyimizekelo yobukhulu bokwenene bemizobo nayiphi na i-4 X 100 mm X 125 mm yendawo yokuphosa ekhankanyiweyo. umphezulu. 3. 2 Zonke iintlobo zeziphene kwiifoto zokukala [Thayipha a} ukukhanya c}} amagama achazwe ukuba asebenze kuphela kwiziphene ezingaphezulu. Iindidi kunye neempawu zesiphako somphezulu ngamnye zichazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: a} ukuqhekeka: ukuqhekeka komgca kumphezulu weentsimbi zetsimbi ngenxa yesenzo soxinzelelo lwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Ngokuqhelekileyo iintanda ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo azifaneleki. b) Umngxunya ocuthekileyo: Ngenxa yentsimbi}} L-1}}, ekugalelweni nasekusikeni isikhuphukeli sentsimbi yokusa, imilo ayiqhelekanga ngokugqithisileyo, udonga lurhabaxa kwaye kukho imingxuma yekristale efana nedendri. C) Imingxuma yeSanti (slag): imingxuma enesanti (i-slag) eyenziwe kumphezulu wentsimbi yentsimbi ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwesanti kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo. d) Iipores: ngenxa yomxube wegesi kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo, kunye nokwakheka kobukhulu obahlukeneyo kumphezulu we-skim l ", udonga lomngxuma lugudile kwaye lumile, lungqukuva, lungqukuva okanye lumilise imingxuma enaliti e (Ridged). Intelekelelo): Isipike (i-ridge) emile yentsimbi ethelekelelwayo kumphezulu wecast cast kunye nee-engile ezibukhali zenziwa kumphezulu we-skimmer ngenxa yeziphene okanye ukuguqulwa komphezulu wesanti. uhlobo lomdaniso. Kwi-epidermis ngokubanzi kunye nothungelwano olunzulu lwe-grooves ebizwa ngokuba yi-creases: i-scars eshiywe kukunxitywa ngendlela engafanelekanga kwinkqubo yokucoca, ukusika, ukugalela kunye nokunyuka kwentsimbi umphezulu iicastings zentsimbi scars-like. Umphezulu urhabaxa, umphetho ubukhali, kukho isandi esincinci sesinyithi sethemba kunye nomzimba wentsimbi obotshwe ngesandla udityanisiwe, kwaye kukho umaleko wesanti phakathi kwesiva kunye nokuphosa. j} Isiva sebrace: Isiva esishiyekile kumphezulu wentsimbi yentsimbi ngenxa yokuba izihlangu zezilima ezidityanisiweyo okanye i-inner chiller ayikwazanga ukunyibilika ngokupheleleyo. k) I-Welding scar: isiva esishiye kwi-welding ukulungiswa kwe-casting yentsimbi ngenxa yokungalungiswa kakuhle emva kwe-welding. l) Ubuso oburhabaxa: umphezulu wentsimbi yentsimbi ayigudi kwaye ayilingani. 4 Rating Iifoto 4. 1 Uhlobo a): Crack