intsimbi engatyiwayo eneflanged y uhlobo lokucoca isihluzi

I-MassRobotics ikhupha umgangatho wokuqala ovulekileyo wehlabathi we-robot esebenza ngokuzimeleyo esebenza ngokufanelekileyo Iimpompo zoMlilo zingundoqo kunye neenxalenye eziyimfuneko kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokukhusela umlilo ezisekelwe emanzini, ezifana nokutshiza, ukukhuphuka, amanzi anegwebu, izitshizi zamanzi kunye nenkungu yamanzi, kwaye zilungele indawo ebanzi. uluhlu lwezicelo zorhwebo kunye nezoshishino. Ukuba kunqunywe ukuba kuyimfuneko ngohlalutyo lwe-hydraulic okanye ezinye iinjongo, ukufakwa kwempompo yomlilo kunika ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye noxinzelelo olufunwa yinkqubo yokulwa nomlilo. Ngaphandle kwempompo yomlilo eyenzelwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ifakwe, inkqubo yokukhusela umlilo ayinakulindeleka ukuba ifezekise iinjongo zayo. Eli nqaku linika ingxelo malunga nolunye utshintsho oluphambili kuhlelo lwe-2013 lwe-NFPA 20 yoMgangatho woFakelo lweeMpompa eziSizinzileyo zoKhuseleko loMlilo, olwakhutshwa ehlotyeni lika-2012. Iimfuno zokufakela impompo kunye nempompo yomlilo kunye nendima ye-NFPA ekusekeni ezi zinto. iimfuno. Ngokubanzi, i-NFPA i-20 ifumene iziphakamiso zokulungiswa kwe-264, i-135 yamazwana alandelayo asemthethweni, kunye ne-2 yezenzo eziyimpumelelo kwi-site kwi-NFPA 2012 iNkomfa yeNgxelo yoBugcisa yaseLas Vegas. Iimpompo zomlilo, nokuba ziimpompo ze-centrifugal okanye iipompo zokucima umlilo ezichanekileyo, zidweliswe ngokuthe ngqo, kwaye imigangatho ihlaziywe ukuze icacise ukuba iimpompo zomlilo kuphela zingasetyenziselwa ukulwa nomlilo. Ushicilelo lwangaphambili lujolise "kwezinye iimpompo", iimpawu zoyilo zazo zahluke kwezo zichazwe kumgangatho, kwaye zavumela ukuba ezinye iimpompo zifakwe kwiindawo ezidweliswe kwibhubhoratri yokuvavanya. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni zonke iimpompo zombane zihlelwa njengezixhobo zombane, abanye abantu batolika eli lungiselelo njengokuvumela nayiphi na impompo yombane ukuba isetyenziswe njengempompo yomlilo. Oku kwakungajoliswanga, kwaye ulwimi lwahlaziywa ukuze kucaciswe ngcono le ngongoma. Ukuze kuququzelelwe uphononongo kunye nokuvunyelwa ngugunyaziwe onobuchule (AHJ) kunye nabanye abachaphazelekayo ababandakanyekayo ekufakeni iimpompo zomlilo, imimiselo emitsha malunga neenkcukacha zoyilo kunye nemizobo yongezwa. Umgangatho ngoku uya kufuna ukuba izicwangciso ezihambelanayo zizotywe kumzobo wesayizi ofanayo ngokuhambelana nesikali esichaziweyo. Ukongeza, isicwangciso ngoku sibandakanya iinkcukacha ezithile malunga neempawu ezahlukeneyo zofakelo olupheleleyo, njengeenkcukacha ezinxulumene nokuveliswa kwempompo, imodeli kunye nobukhulu, unikezelo lwamanzi, umbhobho wokufunxa, iimpompo zokuqhuba, abalawuli, kunye neempompo zokugcina uxinzelelo. Ukuba uvavanyo lokuhamba kwamanzi lusetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ukuba unikezelo lwamanzi kwimpompo yomlilo lwanele, i-NFPA 20 ngoku ifuna ukuba uvavanyo lugqitywe kungekho ngaphezu kweenyanga ezili-12 ngaphambi kokuba isicwangciso somsebenzi singeniswe, ngaphandle kokuba kuvunyelwe ngenye indlela yi-AHJ. Abanye abantu banenkxalabo yokuba, kwezinye iimeko, idatha yokuvavanya endala engabonakali ngokuchanekileyo imeko yangoku yokunikezelwa kwamanzi isetyenziswe njengesiseko soyilo lokukhethwa kweepompo zomlilo. Kule meko, xa unikezelo lwamanzi luphantsi ngokwenene kunexabiso eliboniswe yidatha yovavanyo oludala, uvavanyo lokuvuma lunokubonisa ukuba uxinzelelo lokukhutshwa kwempompo luphantsi kunexabiso elibalwe kwaye alwanelanga ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo yonke. . Uvavanyo kunye novavanyo lonikezelo lwamanzi luntsonkothile, lufuna ukuqondwa koyilo kunye nokusebenza kwesixokelelwano samanzi, kwaye sinokugqitywa kuphela ngabasebenzi abanobuchule. Amagumbi okupompoza kunye namagumbi okupompoza azimeleyo aqukethe izixhobo zokupompoza umlilo zifuna ukukhuselwa okukhethekileyo, njengoko kudweliswe kwiNFPA 20 ngendlela yetafile. Elinye lamangeno kwitheyibhile efanelekileyo libhekiselele kumagumbi okumpompa kunye namagumbi okumpompa angatshizwanga ngamanzi. Abanye abafundi be-NFPA 20 basitolike kakubi isihloko, nto leyo ethetha ukuba i-NFPA 20 ivumela ukushiywa kwezitshizi kwiindawo ezinjalo kwizakhiwo ezifuna okanye eziqwalasela ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokuchela. Ulwimi lokubonisana olongeziweyo ukucacisa ukuba injongo yesihloko esithi "Usprinkled" kwitheyibhile kukumisela uhlobo lokukhusela umlilo lwempompo yomlilo kwisakhiwo esingafafazwanga-oko kukuthi, igumbi lokumpompa kufuneka lihlulwe kwezinye izakhiwo kunye nesakhiwo. yakhiwe ngeeyure ezi-2, okanye igumbi lempompo lifuna umgama Isakhiwo esisetyenziswa yigumbi lokumpompa ubuncinane ubude beenyawo ezingama-50. Injongo yesi sihloko ayikona ukubonelela ngaphandle kokushiywa kweefafazi kwigumbi lokupompoza umlilo lesakhiwo esifafazwe ngokupheleleyo. I-NFPA 20 ibonelela ngokhuseleko kwisixhobo sempompo yomlilo kunye nabo bafuna ukufikelela kwisixhobo sempompo yomlilo xa kukho umlilo. Nangona i-NFPA 20 ifuna ukuba isebe lomlilo licwangcise ukufikelela kwigumbi lempompo yomlilo kwangaphambili, ngoku ikwafuna indawo yegumbi lempompo yomlilo ukuba icwangciswe kwangaphambili. Ukongeza, i-NFPA 20 ifuna ukuba amagumbi okumpompa angenakufikelela ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka ngaphandle kwesakhiwo abonelele ngepaseji evaliweyo ukusuka kwizinyuko ezivaliweyo okanye iingcango zokuphuma ngaphandle ukuya kwigumbi lokumpompa. Inguqulo yangaphambili ye-NFPA 20 idinga ukuba i-passage ibe nenqanaba lokumelana nomlilo ubuncinane kwiiyure ze-2. Uhlaziyo lwe-2013 lufuna ukuba i-passage ibe nenqanaba elifanayo lokumelana nomlilo njengegumbi lokumpompa; oko kukuthi, kwisakhiwo esifafazwe ngokupheleleyo kubandakanywa negumbi lokupompoza, isicatshulwa sidinga kuphela i-1 iyure yokumelana nomlilo. Umgangatho wokumelana nomlilo wepaseji ekhokelela kwigumbi lokumpompa akufuneki udlule iimfuno zegumbi lokupompoza umlilo. Ukuba igumbi lokupompoza umlilo kunye nokuhamba kwakhiwe njengendawo yokudibanisa ngokuthe ngqo, isicatshulwa siya kuba yinxalenye yegumbi lokupompoza umlilo, kwaye kufuneka kuphela ukwahlula igumbi kunye nenqanaba lokumelana nomlilo njengempompo yomlilo. Nceda uqaphele ukuba imimiselo eyongezelelweyo kulo mbandela isebenza kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo. Ukuze kuncitshiswe isiphithiphithi kwiflange yokufunxa, iNFPA 20 ikhankanya ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo bombhobho wokufunxa ngokusekelwe kumthamo wempompo yomlilo. Ezi sayizi zemibhobho ezichaziweyo zisekelwe kumlinganiselo ophezulu wokuhamba kweenyawo ze-15 ngesekhondi kwi-150% yomthamo olinganisiweyo wempompo. Abasebenzisi beNFPA 20 baya kuqaphela ukuba eli solotya lisusiwe kumbutho osemgangathweni kwaye longezwe kwitheyibhile njengombhalo osemazantsi. Abanye abasebenzisi bomgangatho batolika ngokungafanelekanga le ngcaciso yesantya njengemeko yokuqinisekisa ngexesha lovavanyo lokumkelwa kwempompo. Endaweni yoko, injongo yokubandakanya olu lwazi kukubonelela ngolwazi lwangasemva malunga nemvelaphi kunye nophuhliso lwemilinganiselo yetyhubhu yokufunxa emiselweyo. Ngaphandle kokuba iimeko ezithile zihlangatyeziwe, i-NFPA 20 ifuna ulungiselelo lwemibhobho yokufunxa ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho xinzelelo lubi kwiflange yokufunxa yempompo. Impompo yomlilo ephakathi ayifanelekanga ukunyuswa okanye ukutsalwa kwamanzi ngakwiflange yayo yokufunxa. Imfuno yokuba uxinzelelo lokufunxa kwiflange yokufunxa lungekho ngaphantsi kwe-0 psi lusebenza kufakelo olwenziwe yiyunithi yempompo enye kunye nofakelo oluqulunqwe ngeeyunithi ezininzi zempompo zomlilo ezijoliswe ukusebenza kunye. Ukulungiswa kweli solotya kucaciswe ukuba kufakelo lwempompo ezininzi, kuphela ezo mpompo ezenzelwe ukusebenza ngaxeshanye ziqwalaselwa xa kuvavanywa iimeko zoxinzelelo lokufunxa. Abanye abasebenzisi be-NFPA 20 abayiqondi kakuhle le mfuneko kwaye baquka iimpompo ezingasafunekiyo okanye ezo zisebenza kuphela xa kumisiwe impompo enkulu. Asiyonjongo yeli solotya le. Imeko ekhoyo ekhoyo kwimfuno yoxinzelelo olulungileyo kwiflange yokufunxa ivumela ngokukodwa -3 psi uxinzelelo lokufunxa. Oku kungafaniyo kusebenza kwimeko apho ipompo yomlilo isebenza kwi-150% yesantya esilinganisiweyo ngelixa ukupompa kwi-tank yokugcina umhlaba. Umbhalo wokuncamathisela oku kungafaniyo uhlaziywe ukujolisa kuzo zonke iintlobo zeempompo zomlilo eziphakathi, hayi ezo mpompo zomlilo ezithe tyaba. Ezinye izilungiso kwisicatshulwa sokunamathisela zibonisa ukuba ekupheleni kwexesha elifunekayo lokuhamba kwamanzi, ukuba i-pump suction room ukuphakama ilingana okanye iphantsi kunomgangatho wamanzi kwi-tank yokugcina, umda we-3 psi suction pressure reading ivumelekile. Uguqulelo lwangaphambili lubhekiselele ekuphakameni kwegumbi lokumpompa umgangatho kunye ne-tank ephantsi. Umbhalo ohlaziyiweyo uqinisekisa ngcono ukuba akukho kunyuswa okanye uxinzelelo oluya kwenzeka phakathi kwetanki yamanzi kunye neflange yokufunxa yempompo yomlilo. Njengoko kuchazwe ngoku kwisihlomelo, xa impompo isebenza kwi-150% umthamo kunye namanzi kwi-tank kwinqanaba eliphantsi, i--3 psi suction pressure margin ibangela ilahleko yefriction kumbhobho wokufunxa. Izixhobo ezithile kumbhobho wokufunxa zingabangela amanqanaba angafunekiyo okuhamba kunye nesiphithiphithi, kwaye zithintele ukusebenza kwempompo kunye nokusebenza. I-NFPA 20 okwangoku imisela ukuba ngaphakathi kweemitha ezingama-50 zeflange yokufunxa impompo, akukho zivalo zinokufakelwa kumbhobho wokufunxa ngaphandle kwesiqu sangaphandle esidwelisiweyo kunye neevalvu zedyokhwe (OS&Y). Eli solotya lahlaziywa ukuze licacise ukuba, ngaphandle kweevalvu ze-OS&Y ezidwelisiweyo, akukho zivalo "zolawulo" ezinokufakwa ngaphakathi kweemitha ezingama-50. Eli solotya laphinda lahlaziywa ukuze lijolise ngokukodwa kwisixhobo sokubuyela kwakhona. Olu tshintsho lubonelela ngokuhambelana kakuhle namanye amalungiselelo omgangatho kwaye lucacise injongo yeemfuno, oko kukukhawulela ukusetyenziswa kweevalvu zebhabhathane kuphela, nokuvumela ukufakelwa kweevalvu zesango le-OS&Y, iivalvu zokutshekisha kunye nezixhobo zokubuyisela kumbhobho wokufunxa. Kodwa nceda uqaphele ukuba kuphela kwezinye Ufakelo lweevalvu zokutshekisha kunye nezixhobo zokubuyela umva kumbhobho wokufunxa kuvunyelwe kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezifunwa yimigangatho okanye i-AHJ. Ukuba ivalve yokutshekisha okanye isixhobo sokuthintela ukuphumela ngasemva siyafuneka phezulu kwizibuko lokufunxa lempompo yomlilo, i-NFPA ifuna ukuba isixhobo sibe nobuncinci beedamitha ezili-10 zemibhobho phezulu komsinga weflange yokufunxa impompo. Izixhobo ezifana neengqiniba, iintambo kunye namalungu anqamlezayo kumbhobho wokufunxa ziya kubangela ukuba ukuhamba kwamanzi kwimpompo kungalingani. Ukungalingani kwenzeka apho ukulungelelaniswa kutshintsha indiza yokuhamba ngokunxulumene nenqwelomoya ngempompo yomlilo. Oku kuhamba okungalinganiyo kuya kunciphisa ukusebenza kunye nobomi benkonzo yompompo. I-NFPA 20 ithintela indawo kunye nolungiselelo lwezifakelo ezinjalo kwimibhobho yokufunxa. Ukufakelwa kombhobho okunjalo akufuneki kufakwe ngaphakathi kwe-10 yeedamitha zemibhobho yeflange yokufunxa. Imeko yangoku kulo mgaqo ivumela inqwelo-moya ephakathi kwengqiniba ukuba ibe yi-perpendicular kwishafti yempompo eyahlulahlulwe ngokuthe tye kuyo nayiphi na indawo yezibuko lokufunxa impompo. Olu lungiselelo lwengqiniba aludali iimeko zokuhamba eziyingozi. Kwinguqulelo elandelayo, oku kungafaniyo kwandisiwe ukubandakanya i-T-shirts. Xa impompo yomlilo ifunxa ukusuka ezantsi kwitanki yokugcina, i-NFPA 20 idinga amalungiselelo athile okukhutshwa kwetanki yokugcina. Xa amanzi ephuma kwi-outlet ye-tank yamanzi, i-vortexes ivame ukubunjwa, ingenise umoya kumbhobho wokufunxa kunye nokwandisa ukwenzeka kwesiphithiphithi. Kwenzeka into efanayo xa amanzi ekhutshwa kwisinki okanye ebhafini. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, ukuphazamiseka kunye nokuhamba okungalinganiyo kwi-port yokufunxa yempompo kufuneka kugwenywe. Ukuze kuthintelwe le nto, i-NFPA 20 idinga ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezithintela ukubunjwa kwee-eddy currents. Esi sixhobo sisoloko sibhekiswa ngokungachanekanga njengepleyiti ye-vortex, kodwa isigama kwi-NFPA 20 iye yahlaziywa ukuze ihambelane ngcono ne-NFPA 22 (iStandard for Private Fire Water Tanks) kunye nokucacisa ukuba isixhobo ngokwenene siyi-"vortex plate"" A. ipleyiti esetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukubunjwa kwe-vortex Ukongezelela, ukubhekisela kuMbutho we-Hydraulic "I-Centrifugal Pump, i-Rotary Pump, kunye ne-Reciprocating Pump Standard" yongezwe kwisicatshulwa sokunamathisela ngolwazi olungakumbi malunga nesihloko, i-NFPA 20 ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwe-throttles ephantsi yokufunxa apho i-AHJ idinga uxinzelelo olulungileyo kumgca wokufunxa Injongo yolu hlobo lwevalve kukukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba uxinzelelo kumbhobho wokufunxa aluhlisi kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo elichazwe kwangaphambili ngenxa yeemeko zokubonelela ngamanzi. Umzekelo, xa unikezelo lwamanzi olungundoqo lukamasipala lusetyenziswa njengonikezelo lwamanzi lwenkqubo yokukhusela umlilo, eyona nto iphambili ayinakubonelela ngamanzi amaninzi njengoko umpompo womlilo unokupompa, ngakumbi xa umpompo usebenza phantsi kweemeko ezikufutshane nomthwalo ogqithisileyo. Ukuhla koxinzelelo olunesiphumo kundoqo kamasipala kunokukhokelela kwiimeko ezingafunekiyo, ezifana namanzi aphantsi komhlaba okanye ungcoliseko lokubuyela umva, okanye kwiimeko ezimandundu kunokubangela ukudilika okungundoqo. Ukuba i-AHJ idinga ukusetyenziswa kwevalve ye-throttle ephantsi, i-NFPA 20 idinga ukuba i-valve ye-throttle ifakwe kumgca wokukhupha phakathi kwempompo kunye nevalve yokujonga ukukhutshwa. Umgca wokuva oxhunywe kumbhobho wokufunxa ulawula indawo yevalve ye-throttle. Xa uxinzelelo lokufunxa luhla kwi-preset throttling pressure (ngokuqhelekileyo i-20 psi), ivalve iqala ukuvala, ngaloo ndlela inqanda ukuhamba kunye nokugcina uxinzelelo lokufunxa kwinqanaba lokuseta. Xa amanzi ehamba nge-valve ye-throttle, ukulahleka kwe-friction kuya kwenzeka, okufuneka kuqwalaselwe kuyilo lwenkqubo. Ilahleko ekhuphisanayo enxulumene nezi zixhobo ingabalulekile. Umzekelo, hamba nge-intshi ezi-8. Isixhobo sinokubangela ukuhla koxinzelelo ukuya kwi-7 psi. Nangona inguqulelo yangoku iqulethe isicatshulwa esicebisayo kule meko, inguqulo ye-2013 iya kunyanzela ukuyila kwenkqubo yokukhusela umlilo ukuba iqwalasele ilahleko ye-friction ngokusebenzisa i-valve ephantsi yokufunxa i-throttle kwindawo evulekile ngokupheleleyo. I-NFPA 20 ifuna ukubeka iliso kwivalve yokulawula ukuphuma kwindawo evaliweyo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, lo mmiselo unokutolikwa ngendlela engachanekanga njengentsingiselo yokubekw' esweni kweevalvu kwiindawo zokukhutshwa kwemibhobho eyahlukeneyo eqhagamshelwe kwi-header manifold. Oku akuyonjongo yomgangatho. Kucaciswe ngokucacileyo ukuba isivalo solawulo kumbhobho ophakathi kombhobho okhuphayo kunye nentloko yovavanyo lwevalve yombhobho ngeendlela ezininzi kufuneka ibekwe iliso kwindawo evaliweyo; ivalve yangaphandle kwi-outlet nganye yesihloko sovavanyo ayifuni kubekwa esweni. Imimiselo yangaphambili efuna i-gap engekho ngaphantsi kwe-intshi ye-1 ejikeleze imibhobho edlula kwiindonga okanye imigangatho iye yatshintsha kakhulu. Umda wemigaqo uyancitshiswa ukuba ubandakanye kuphela iindonga, iisilingi kunye nemigangatho yegumbi lokuvalwa kwempompo yomlilo. Isombulula ukusetyenziswa kwezinye izikhewu, imikhono yombhobho kunye nokudibanisa okuguquguqukayo, kwaye inika ukufaneleka okungcono kwiimfuno ze-NFPA 13, umgangatho wofakelo lweenkqubo zokufafaza. Igama elithi "ivalve yokunciphisa uxinzelelo" lidla ngokusetyenziswa kwiivalvu ezinkulu ezinobungakanani bokukhupha isixa esikhulu samanzi kwizibuko lokukhupha lempompo yomlilo. Ukusetyenziswa kwale valve kunqunyelwe kwizicelo ezithile. Igama elithi "ivalve yokunciphisa uxinzelelo lokujikeleza" libhekisa kwivalve encinci yokukhulula uxinzelelo esetyenziselwa ukukhupha amanzi amancinci okupholisa xa kungekho manzi akhutshwayo ezantsi komsinga wempompo yomlilo. I-motor kunye ne-radiator yokupholisa injini ye-diesel impompo yomlilo ye-centrifugal idinga ivalve yokhuseleko lokujikeleza phakathi kwe-port yokukhupha impompo yomlilo kunye nevalve yokujonga ukukhutshwa. Ivalve eyongezelelweyo yokunciphisa uxinzelelo olujikelezayo iyafuneka ezantsi kwevalve yokunciphisa uxinzelelo, ebuyela kwizibuko lokufunxa ngombhobho. Xa iluphu yovavanyo lwemitha ibuyela kwizibuko lokufunxa lempompo yomlilo ngombhobho, ivelufa eyongezelelweyo yokhuseleko lokujikeleza nayo iyafuneka. Imimiselo kwi-valve yokunciphisa uxinzelelo iye yahlengahlengiswa ukuze icacise ukuba i-valve yokunciphisa uxinzelelo ivumelekile ukuba isetyenziswe kuphela xa iimeko zokusebenza zempompo "ezingaqhelekanga" ezilandelayo zibangela ukuba amacandelo enkqubo athwale uxinzelelo oludlula umlinganiselo wabo woxinzelelo: (1) I-diesel i-injini yepompo yokuqhuba i-110 % Isantya sokusebenza kwesantya, (2) isilawuli sokunciphisa isantya sombane esiguquguqukayo sihamba ngaphaya komgca (isantya esilinganiselweyo). I-NFPA 20 ivumela ukukhutshwa kwevalve yokunciphisa uxinzelelo ukuba ibuyiselwe kumbhobho wokufunxa ngombhobho. Ummiselo omtsha kuhlelo luka-2013 uphathelene nempompo eqhutywa yi-injini ye-diesel edibanisa ukupholisa ukushisa kwe-injini. Ngolu lungiselelo, i-104 F isibonakaliso seqondo lokushisa eliphezulu lokupholisa kwamanzi ukusuka kwi-injini yokungena kwi-injini yokuhambisa ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi kuya kuthunyelwa kumlawuli wempompo yomlilo. Emva kokufumana lo mqondiso, ukuba akukho mqondiso ophuthumayo osebenzayo ocela ukusebenza kwempompo yomlilo, umlawuli uya kumisa injini. Ukujikeleziswa kwakhona kwamanzi akhutshwe kwimpompo abuyela kumbhobho wokufunxa impompo kunokubangela iingxaki kuba amanzi ajikelezisiweyo akasetyenziselwa ukupholisa i-injini kuphela, kodwa nokupholisa ubushushu bomoya othatha i-injini. Ukupholiswa kobushushu bomoya we-injini kubalulekile ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokukhutshwa kwe-injini ye-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo yase-US. Amaqondo obushushu kuluhlu lwe-150 F abonwe. Nangona kusenokubakho ukuhamba kwamanzi okwaneleyo okupholisa ngokwaneleyo i-injini kula maqondo obushushu aphakamileyo, iqondo lobushushu lezibuko lokungena alinakupholiswa ngokwaneleyo kwaye linokubangela ukuba injini isebenze ngaphandle koluhlu oluthobelayo lwe-EPA. Nangona i-valve yokunciphisa uxinzelelo ivula kuphela phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo, kwaye i-valve yokunciphisa uxinzelelo olujikelezayo kufuneka ifakwe kwakhona ukuze incede ukugcina ubushushu bamanzi, le ngqalelo eyongezelelweyo yaphuhliswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotyelwa kweenkxalabo ezibanzi ezinxulumene neepompo zomlilo. Kwi-2010 edition, ingcamango yeeyunithi zepompo zomlilo ze-tandem zaziswa, kwaye ilungiselelo leyunithi yempompo yomlilo ejoliswe ekusebenzeni okudibeneyo kwachazwa, oko kukuthi, ipompo yokuqala ifunxa ngokuthe ngqo amanzi kunikezelo lwamanzi, kwaye impompo nganye elandelelanayo ifunxa amanzi umthombo wamanzi wangaphambili. Impompo. Olu hlobo lweyunithi yochungechunge luxhaphake kakhulu kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezinkulu kunye nezakhiwo. Kwimijikelezo emibini yokuqala yokuhlaziya, kubandakanywa ushicilelo lwe-2013, iKomiti yoBugcisa bePump yoMlilo yachitha umzamo omkhulu wokuhlaziya imimiselo yokulungiswa kweeyunithi zempompo yomlilo we-tandem. Umba ophakathi unxulumene nendawo yeyunithi yempompo yomlilo. Kwimijikelezo emibini edlulileyo, kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba zonke iimpompo ezenza ulungelelwaniso lweyunithi yempompo yomlilo yochungechunge kufuneka zibekwe kwigumbi elinye lempompo yomlilo. Kushicilelo luka-2013, kwenziwa ngaphandle kokuvumela ukufakelwa kwempompo yomlilo ukuba kubekwe kumagumbi ahlukeneyo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Nangona olu lwimi lugqithise ukuphononongwa kweKomiti yePompu yoMlilo, ibuyiselwe kwiNtlanganiso yoBugcisa boMbutho weNFPA ngoJuni kulo nyaka. Nangona utshintsho olucetywayo aluyi kusebenza, isihloko sinokuthi sikhuliswe kwakhona kumjikelo wohlaziyo olandelayo. Ingxabano malunga nobunzima bokulawula ukusebenza kweeyunithi ezininzi zempompo zomlilo kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo, ukuququzelela imisebenzi efanelekileyo yokuvavanya, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yonke iya kuqhubeka. Ukongezelela, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba nangona i-NFPA 20 iya kuqhubeka nokuvumela ukwahlula ngokuthe nkqo kweeyunithi zempompo yomlilo, imimandla ethile ayivumeli eli lungiselelo. Ukuba i-header yokuvavanya impompo yomlilo ifakiwe, i-NFPA 20 ifuna ukuba ifakwe eludongeni lwangaphandle okanye enye indawo ngaphandle kwegumbi lokumpompa ukuvumela ukukhupha ngexesha lovavanyo. Uyilo lwangaphandle lunceda ukukhupha amanzi kwindawo ekhuselekileyo, kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokukhutshwa kwamanzi ngengozi kwiimpompo zomlilo, izilawuli, iinjini, iinjini zedizili, njl. njl. kuthathelwa ingqalelo iindawo ezingaphakathi kwisakhiwo. Kwimeko apho umonakalo obangelwe bubusela okanye ukonakalisa kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo, ivalve yepayipi yentloko yovavanyo inokufumaneka kwisakhiwo kodwa ngaphandle kwegumbi lempompo yomlilo. Ukuba ngokwesigwebo se-AHJ, ukuhamba kovavanyo kunokulawulwa ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphandle kwesakhiwo ngaphandle kwesidingo Umngcipheko ongafanelekanga wokutshiza amanzi kwisixhobo sempompo yomlilo. I-NFPA 20 iye yavumela i-flow meters ukuba isetyenziswe njengesixhobo sokuvavanya ukuhamba kwamanzi ixesha elithile. Ngexesha lofakelo, i-NFPA 25, umgangatho wokuhlola, ukuvavanywa kunye nokugcinwa kweenkqubo zokukhusela umlilo ezisekelwe emanzini, zifuna iimitha zokuhamba zivavanywe kwaye zihlaziywe rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithathu. Nangona kunjalo, i-NFPA 20 ayinamalungiselelo okuququzelela ulungelelwaniso lwe-flowmeter okanye uhlengahlengiso. Uguqulelo luka-2013 ngoku lufuna ukuba isixhobo sokulinganisa sifakwe kwilungiselelo lendandatho yovavanyo lokuhamba kwempompo yomlilo, enye indlela yokulinganisa ukuhamba nayo iyafuneka. Isixhobo sokulondoloza kufuneka sibekwe ezantsi kwe-flowmeter kwaye idibaniswe kwichungechunge kunye ne-flowmeter, kwaye isebenze ngaphakathi koluhlu lokuhamba olufunekayo kuvavanyo olupheleleyo lwempompo yomlilo. Ukongeza, umgangatho ngoku uya kuchaza ukuba enye indlela eyamkelekileyo yokulinganisa ukuhamba yintloko yovavanyo enobungakanani obufanelekileyo. Ngaphandle kokuba ilungiselelo elichazwe kwimimiselo emitsha engentla linikezelwe, ukulinganiswa kwe-flowmeter kufuna ukususwa ngokomzimba kwesixhobo kunye nokuvavanya kwilungiselelo elinokuthi lingabonisi impompo yangempela kunye nokufakelwa kwemibhobho. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le ndlela inokuba nzima kwaye ibize kakhulu. Ukongezelela, utshintsho kwilungiselelo lombhobho kunye nokuhlelwa kovavanyo alukwazi ukuhambelana nokufakelwa kwempompo yangempela, kwaye iziphumo zokuhlengahlengiswa zingabuzwa. Uguqulelo lwangaphambili lweNFPA 20 lufuna ufakelo lwevalve edwelisiweyo ebonisa ibhabhathane okanye ivalve yesango kunye nevalve yokuhambisa amanzi okanye ukuwisa ibhola kwintloko yovavanyo kumbhobho xa intloko yovavanyo ingaphandle kwempompo okanye kumgama othile ukusuka kumpompo kwaye apho. kuyingozi yokukhenkceza. Imimiselo iye yahlaziywa ukuze ifune iivalvu zebhabhathane okanye iivalvu zesango kunye neevalvu zedrain okanye i-ball drops kuzo zonke iimeko. Ukuba akukho valve, amanzi aya kufikelela kwindawo yovavanyo lwentloko phantsi koxinzelelo, oluxhalabisayo. Amanzi anokukhutshwa ngokulula kwinkqubo yokulwa nomlilo ngokusebenzisa intloko yokuvavanya ngeenjongo zokulwa nomlilo. Omnye umba lukhuseleko lwabasebenzi abaqhuba uvavanyo lwempompo. Ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-hose kunye nentloko yokuvavanya kukhuselekile, kwaye akukho xinzelelo lwamanzi kwintloko yovavanyo. Emva kokuba uvavanyo lugqityiwe, ivalve yokuthontsiza engqukuva ikhupha uxinzelelo kunye namanzi kumbhobho. I-NFPA 20 okwangoku ichaza ukuba ukuba umkhuseli wokubuyela umva udityaniswe nempompo kufuneka, ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikwe ukunyuka kwelahleko yoxinzelelo olubangelwa ukufakwa kwe-backflow preventer. Ngoko ke, xa ipompo yomlilo isebenza kwi-150% yomthamo wayo olinganisiweyo, i-NFPA 20 idinga ukuba uxinzelelo lokufunxa ubuncinane lwe-0 psi lurekhodwe ukufakela. Le mfuno inokutolikwa njengethetha ukuba uxinzelelo lokufunxa lurekhodwa kwisixhobo sokubuyisela endaweni yeflange yokufunxa impompo. Inguqulelo elandelayo yacacisa ukufundwa koxinzelelo kwizibuko lokufunxa lempompo yomlilo. Iimfuno zokukhusela inyikima ziye zacaciswa ukubonisa ukuba zisebenza kuphela kwiimeko apho imimiselo yendawo ifuna ngokukodwa ukukhuselwa kweenkqubo zokukhusela umlilo kumonakalo wokuzamazama komhlaba. Ukongezelela, imimiselo yangaphambili malunga nokufakwa kwamacandelo epompo iye yacinywa ukuze bakwazi ukuxhathisa ukunyakaza kwecala elilingana nesiqingatha sobunzima bezixhobo. I-NFPA 20 ngoku ifuna imithwalo yenyikima ethe tyaba isekelwe kwiNFPA 13; SEI/ASCE7; okanye i-AHJ eyamkelekileyo yengingqi, yelizwe, okanye imithombo yamazwe ngamazwe. Olu tshintsho luhambelana ngakumbi neendlela zangoku ezisetyenziselwa ukukhusela izakhiwo kunye neenkqubo zoomatshini ezinxulumene nemikhosi ebangelwa ziziganeko ze-seismic. Ingcamango yokusebenzisa isiqingatha sobunzima besixhobo ayinangqiqo kuzo zonke iimeko. Abasebenzisi beNFPA 20 kufuneka baqonde ukuba imithwalo ethe tyaba eyenziweyo iya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yesiza seprojekthi. Nangona i-NFPA 13 ibonelela ngendlela elula yokumisela umthwalo, kwaye i-SEI/ASCE7 iqulethe indlela ebanzi, i-NFPA 20 ayigunyazisi ukusetyenziswa kwale migangatho yereferensi, kodwa ivumela i-AHJ ukuba yenze isigqibo sokugqibela. I-NFPA 20 ichaza indibano yempompo yomlilo epakishiweyo njengendibano yeyunithi yempompo yomlilo edityaniswa kwindawo yokupakisha ize ihanjiswe njengeyunithi kwindawo yofakelo. Amacandelo ekufuneka adweliswe kwiphakheji ehlanganiswe kwangaphambili aquka iimpompo, ii-drives, abalawuli, kunye nezinye izixhobo ezigqitywe ngumpakishi. Ezi zixhobo zihlanganiswe kwisiseko kunye okanye ngaphandle kwendlu. Iimfuno zamacandelo okupakisha zandisiwe. Amacandelo eyunithi yepompo aya kuhlanganiswa kwaye alungiswe kwisakhiwo sesakhelo sensimbi. Umshiseli ohlanganisa iyunithi yokupakisha uya kuhlangabezana neemfuno zeCandelo le-9 le-ASME Boiler kunye neKhowudi yeVessel yoxinzelelo okanye i-American Welding Society AWS D1.1. Indibano yonke kufuneka idweliswe ukusetyenziswa kwempompo yomlilo, kwaye iyilwe kwaye iyilwe ngumyili wenkqubo ngokuhambelana nemiyalelo ye-NFPA 20. Ekugqibeleni, zonke izicwangciso kunye namaphepha edatha kufuneka angeniswe kwi-AHJ ukuze ahlaziywe, kunye nekopi yesitampu ukungeniswa okuvunyiweyo kufuneka kugcinelwe ukugcinwa kweerekhodi. Olu tshintsho lwenzelwe ukulawula ngcono ukuba ngubani onoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba iyunithi yempompo epheleleyo iyenziwa, ifakwe, kwaye iqhutywa njengoko kulindelekile. Nangona umenzi wempompo yomlilo udla ngokuba liqumrhu elifunekayo ukusombulula naziphi na iingxaki zofakelo, umenzi wempompo akanyanzelekanga ukuba abe liqela elihlanganisa amacandelo empompo yomlilo epakishweyo. Kweminye imimandla, ukudityaniswa okuthe ngqo phakathi kweempompo zomlilo kunye nemithombo yamanzi, njengakwindawo enkulu yamanzi kamasipala, akuvumelekanga. Kwezinye iimeko, umasipala okanye eminye imithombo yamanzi ayikwazi ukubonelela ukuhamba okuphezulu okufunwa yinkqubo yokukhusela umlilo, okanye iimeko zokuhamba ziguquguquka kakhulu. Kuzo zombini iimeko, ukusetyenziswa kwetanki yokuphazamiseka ukuphazamisa okanye ukukhupha uxhulumaniso kumthombo wamanzi kunika ukhetho olunokwenzeka lokuyila. Itanki yamanzi ephazamisekileyo yitanki yamanzi ebonelela ngokufunxa kwimpompo yomlilo, kodwa umthamo okanye ubungakanani betanki yamanzi buncinci kunoko kufunwa yinkqubo yokulwa nomlilo enikezelwayo; oko kukuthi, itanki yamanzi ayikwazi ukuquka amanzi afunekayo ekusebenzeni kwayo yonke inkqubo yokulwa nomlilo. Iitanki esikiweyo isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo (1) njengendlela yokuthintela ukuphuma ngasemva phakathi komthombo wonikezelo lwamanzi kunye nombhobho wokufunxa wempompo yomlilo, (2) ukuphelisa ukuguquguquka koxinzelelo lomthombo wonikezelo lwamanzi, (3) ukubonelela ngoxinzelelo lokufunxa oluzinzileyo nolungaguquguqukiyo lwempompo yomlilo, kunye/okanye (4) Ukubonelela ngogcino lwamanzi ukunyusa imithombo yamanzi engenako ukubonelela ngowona mqukuqelo mkhulu ofunwa yinkqubo yokucima umlilo. I-NFPA 20 ifuna ukuba ubungakanani betanki yamanzi buhlengahlengiswe ukuze amanzi agcinwe kwitanki yamanzi kunye nomsebenzi wokuzalisa ngokuzenzekelayo kufuneka abonelele ngeyona ndlela iphezulu yokubangwa kwenkqubo kunye nobude bexesha. Ngempompo yomlilo isebenza kwi-150% yomthamo wayo olinganisiweyo, ubukhulu betanki yamanzi kufuneka buhlale ubuncinane imizuzu eyi-15. Ukongeza, i-NFPA 20 ibandakanya imimiselo emalunga nokuzaliswa kwetanki yamafutha kwakhona kwaye ifuna ukuba umatshini wokuphinda ugcwaliswe zidweliswe kwaye ulungiselelwe ukusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo. Imimiselo ecacileyo yokuzaliswa, njengaleyo inxulumene nokuzaliswa kwemibhobho, i-bypass pipelines, izibonakaliso zenqanaba le-liquid, njl., zisekelwe kubukhulu betanki. Ukuba ubungakanani betanki bunjalo ukuba umthamo wayo ungaphantsi kwemfuneko yenkqubo ephezulu yemizuzu engama-30, isethi yemigaqo iyasebenza. Ukuba itanki ilinganiswe ukwenzela ukuba umthamo wayo uhlangabezane nemfuno enkulu yenkqubo ubuncinane imizuzu engama-30, enye isethi yemimiselo iya kusebenza. Uhlaziywe kwaye ulungelelaniswa ngokutsha umhlathi kwiitanki ezisikiweyo ukucacisa imigaqo esebenzayo esekelwe kubungakanani betanki. I-NFPA ibonelela ngesikhokelo esongezelelweyo ukuququzelela imisebenzi ecwangciswe kwangaphambili yesebe lomlilo ukuze lifumane kwaye libonelele ngezixhobo zempompo yomlilo kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo. Njengoko kuboniswe kwisicatshulwa esitsha sesihlomelo, indawo yegumbi lokupompoza kwisakhiwo esiphakamileyo sifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo. Kwimeko yomlilo, abasebenzi bavame ukuthunyelwa kwigumbi lokupompoza ukujonga okanye ukulawula ukusebenza kompompo. Eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokubonelela ngokhuseleko kwaba baphenduli kukungena kwigumbi lokupompoza ngqo ukusuka ngaphandle kwesakhiwo. Nangona kunjalo, eli lungiselelo alisoloko linokwenzeka okanye lisebenza kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, amagumbi okumpompa kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo kufuneka abekwe kwimigangatho emininzi ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi komhlaba. Xa igumbi lokumpompa lingalinganiswanga, i-NFPA 20 ifuna indlela ekhuselweyo phakathi kwezitepsi kunye negumbi lempompo yomlilo. Umgangatho wokumelana nomlilo wesicatshulwa kufuneka ufanane nenqanaba lokumelana nomlilo elifunekayo kwi-stairwell yokuphuma ekhokelela kwigumbi lokupompoza. Imithetho emininzi yokwakha kunye nokukhusela ubomi ayivumeli igumbi lokupompoza ukuba liholele ngokuthe ngqo kwi-staircase yokuphuma evaliweyo, kuba igumbi lokupompoza alikho indawo ehlala ihlala kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukudlula phakathi kwezitepsi ezikhokelela kwigumbi lokupompoza kunye negumbi lempompo eliphezulu okanye elisezantsi kufuneka libe lifutshane kangangoko kwaye likhokelela kwezinye iindawo zokwakha ngokukhawuleza. Oku kunika ukhuseleko olungcono kubaphenduli abangena kwaye bashiye igumbi lokupompoza xa kukho umlilo. Indawo kunye nokwakheka kwegumbi lempompo kufuneka kwakhona kuqinisekiswe ukuba amanzi akhutshwe kwisixhobo sempompo (njengedlala lokupakisha) kunye nevalve yokukhupha kunye nevalve yokukhulula uxinzelelo ziphathwa ngokukhuselekileyo. Njengenxalenye yeSahluko 5, ingqikelelo yezakhiwo eziphakamileyo eziphakamileyo yaziswa kuhlelo luka-2013. Isakhiwo esiphakamileyo sichazwa njengesakhiwo kumgangatho ohlala kuwo ongamamitha angama-75 ngaphezu kweyona ndawo iphantsi yokufikelela kwisithuthi sesebe lomlilo. I-NFPA yangaphambili ye-20 imimiselo ihlele ubukhulu becala izakhiwo ezinjalo njengodidi olufanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isakhiwo si-200 iinyawo okanye i-2000 ubude. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izakhiwo zide kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba izixhobo zempompo zesebe lomlilo lokuphendula zinqobe ukuphakama okuhambelanayo kunye nokulahlekelwa kwe-friction ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuhamba kunye noxinzelelo lwenkqubo yokukhusela umlilo kwimigangatho ephezulu. Nangona inguqu yangaphambili ye-NFPA 20 ibhekiselele kwizakhiwo okanye iindawo ezingaphaya kwamandla okupompa izixhobo zesebe lomlilo kwezinye iimeko, inguqulo ye-2013 ineemfuno ezicacileyo ngakumbi "izakhiwo ezide kakhulu". Nangona kunjalo, abafundi kufuneka baqaphele ukuba eminye imimiselo yeemeko ezinjalo ifumaneka kwiSahluko se-9, esijongene nokunikezelwa kwamandla okufakelwa kwempompo yomlilo yombane. Kuba "izakhiwo eziphakamileyo kakhulu", ukufakwa kwempompo yomlilo kufuneka kunikeze ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo kunye nokuphindaphinda, njengoko kuchazwe ngezantsi. Esikhundleni sokudibanisa imimiselo emitsha yezakhiwo ezide kakhulu kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zezakhiwo, iimfuno ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni ezinxulumene nokuphendula umthamo wokupompa wesebe lomlilo zicetywayo. Isebe lomlilo lithenga izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezinomthamo wokupompa ohlukeneyo, ngoko umgangatho osekelwe kuphela kubude besakhiwo esiphezulu ulinganiselwe. Iqela loyilo ngoku kufuneka liqinisekise ngokuthe ngqo amandla okupompa isebe lomlilo ekuphenduleni kwiprojekthi nganye. Imimiselo eyongezelelweyo malunga neetanki zamanzi ezingafunekiyo kunye neepompo zomlilo nazo zongezwa kwizakhiwo ezide kakhulu. Ukuba owona mthombo wonikezelo lwamanzi yitanki yamanzi, iitanki zamanzi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ziyafuneka. Ukuba igumbi ngalinye lingasetyenziswa njengetanki lamanzi elahlukileyo, itanki yamanzi enye enokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amabini ivumelekile. Umthamo opheleleyo wawo onke amatanki okugcina okanye amacandelo kufuneka anele ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zokukhusela umlilo zenkqubo efanelekileyo. Ubungakanani betanki nganye yokugcina okanye kwicandelo ngalinye kufuneka liqinisekise ukuba ubuncinci i-50% yeemfuno zokukhusela umlilo zinokugcinwa xa nayiphi na itanki okanye itanki yokugcina iphume kwinkonzo. Nceda uqaphele ukuba lo mmiselo awudingi ukuba itanki yepetroli nganye inokubonelela ngeemfuno zalo lonke inkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, itanki nganye yamafutha kunye / okanye itanki yetanki kufuneka ibe nesixhobo sokuzalisa ngokuzenzekelayo esinokubonelela ngeemfuno zenkqubo epheleleyo. Nangona ukubonelelwa kweetanki zokugcina ezingafunekiyo okanye kwicandelo lezithuba zaziselwe kuhlelo luka-2010, lasetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo ze-Super-Suped kuHlelo luka-2013. Iimpompo zomlilo kwiindawo ezinokuthi zigqitywe ngaphandle komthamo wempompo zezixhobo zokulima zomlilo kufuneka zixhotywe zizinto ezizimeleyo ze-pumps zokuzibuza okanye iyunithi ezininzi ukuze nayiphi na impompo iphoswe. Olunye ukhetho kukubonelela ngeendlela ezingabalulekanga ukubonelela ngazo zonke iimfuno zokukhusela umlilo ezamkelekile kwi-AHJ. Olu khetho lwesibini luvumela uthethathethwano no-Ahj ukubonelela ngemisebenzi yempompo yomlilo. Inkqubo eyenzakalisayo yokuziphakamisa amanzi okuqinisayo inokuba lukhetho lokuhlangabezana nalo mfuneko. Khumbula, kunokubakho i-ahjs ezininzi kwiprojekthi yoyilo ethile. Umbhobho we-suction phucula impompo yomlilo kufuneka iphuculwe ngokwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amatye, isilika kunye nolunye uhlobo lokulwa aliyi kubangela ukonakala. Inguqulelo yangaphambili yomgangatho ibandakanya iitafile ezimbini ezichaza isantya esinokuqhekeza iimpompo ezisisigxina kunye neempompo zokuxhonywa. Kushicilelo ngo-2013, ezi thebhile zidityanisiwe, zisebenza kuwo onke imibhobho yemfazwe, kwaye zisekwe kubungakanani obuthile bombhobho we-suction. Iqondo lokuqhushumba lemibhobho encinci yesayizi iphinde ihlaziywe ukubonakalisa inqanaba lokuhamba kwamanzi ezimalunga ne-15 leemitha ngomzuzwana. Ukuba ukuhamba okuphezulu okucacileyo akunakufikelelwa, umgangatho uya kuvumela ukuhamba okugungxulwayo kudlule kwi-100% yokuhamba kwe-pump yokucima umlilo, nokuba yeyiphi enkulu. Olu lwimi lutsha lubonisa ukuba oku kuncitshiswa kokuqhushumbayo kwelokuba ukuhamba okwamkelekileyo, ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni ukuhamba kudlula ukuhamba kwenkqubo yokukhusela umlilo. Ukongeza, kongezwa ulwimi oluncamathiselo ukubonisa ukuba ukuba umthwalo wamanzi afumanekayo usilele ukufezekisa umgangatho wokuhamba ochazwe kumgangatho, umthombo ongezelelweyo, onokufuneka. Umgangatho ngoku uza kubandakanya ulwimi olubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zokugungxulwa kufuneka zenziwe, zibone kwaye zisayinwe ngaphambi kokunxibelelana nempompo yomlilo.