Iindlela ze-welding ye-alloy structural iron kushishino lwevalvu-Inkcazo yobugcisa yobushushu obuphantsi bentsimbi yokuphosa kwiivalvu

Iindlela ze-welding ye-alloy structural iron kushishino lwevalve - Inkcazo yobugcisa kwi-casting yentsimbi ephantsi yobushushu kwiivalvu Ukuqina kwentsimbi, eyaziwa ngokuba yintsimbi ephezulu, inamandla okuvelisa angekho ngaphantsi kwe-1290MPa kunye namandla angaphantsi kwe-440MPa. Ngokwenqanaba lesivuno kunye nonyango lobushushu, intsimbi yamandla inokwahlulwa ibe yintsimbi eshushu ephothiweyo, intsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni kunye nentsimbi ephakathi kwekhabhoni. Intsimbi eshushu ephothiweyo luhlobo lonyango olungenabushushu oluqinisiweyo lwentsimbi, olubonelelwa ngokubanzi kwimeko eshushu eqengqelekayo okanye eqhelekileyo. Ikakhulu ixhomekeke ekomelezeni unyibiliko lonyibiliko, ukonyusa ubungakanani bepearlite, ukucokisa okuziinkozo kunye nokuqiniswa kwemvula ukuqinisekisa ukomelela. Intsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni epholileyo ixhomekeke ekucimeni, ubushushu obuphezulu bobushushu benkqubo yonyango lobushushu (unyango olushushu) ukomeleza ubunzima bentsimbi yesakhiwo... Iindlela zeWelding yeentsimbi zesakhiwo sealloyi (1) Ukuhlelwa kweentsimbi ze-alloy structural I-alloy structural steel luhlobo intsimbi enezinto ezithile ezixutywayo zongezwa ngesiseko sentsimbi yekhabhoni eqhelekileyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemicu eyahlukeneyo yokusebenza kunye neempawu. I-alloy structural steels ye-welding ngokubanzi yahlulahlulwe kwiindidi ezimbini ezilandelayo. I-1 Steel yamandla Amandla entsimbi, eyaziwa ngokuba yintsimbi ephezulu, inamandla okuvelisa angekho ngaphantsi kwe-1290MPa kunye namandla angaphantsi kwe-440MPa. Ngokwenqanaba lesivuno kunye nonyango lobushushu, intsimbi yamandla inokwahlulwa ibe yintsimbi eshushu ephothiweyo, intsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni kunye nentsimbi ephakathi kwekhabhoni. Intsimbi eshushu ephothiweyo luhlobo lonyango olungenabushushu oluqinisiweyo lwentsimbi, olubonelelwa ngokubanzi kwimeko eshushu eqengqelekayo okanye eqhelekileyo. Ikakhulu ixhomekeke ekomelezeni unyibiliko lonyibiliko, ukonyusa ubungakanani bepearlite, ukucokisa okuziinkozo kunye nokuqiniswa kwemvula ukuqinisekisa ukomelela. Intsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni epholileyo yintsimbi yolwakhiwo oluyingxubevange yomelezwa ngokucinywa nobushushu obuphezulu benkqubo yonyango lobushushu (unyango olunomsindo). Umxholo wayo wekhabhoni ngokubanzi wc0.25%, kwaye uneempawu zamandla aphezulu, ukuqina okuhle kweplastiki, kwaye inokudityaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwimeko yobushushu. Umxholo wekhabhoni wensimbi ye-carbon tempered steel yi-0.3% ephezulu kune-wc, kwaye amandla okuvelisa anokufikelela ngaphezu kwe-880MPa. Emva kokucima kunye nonyango olushushu, lunamandla aphezulu kunye nobunzima, kodwa ukuqina okuphantsi, ngoko ke i-weldability impofu. 2. Intsimbi ekhethekileyo Ngokokusetyenziswa kweemeko zokusingqongileyo okanye iimfuno zokusebenza zinokwahlulwa zibe yintsimbi ye-pearlite ekwazi ukumelana nobushushu, i-alloy low corrosion resistant steel kunye nentsimbi ephantsi yokushisa ezintathu. Intsimbi yePearlite ukumelana nobushushu wc≤5%, i-chromium kunye ne-aluminium esekelwe kwi-hypoeutectoid steel. Inamandla amahle okushisa kunye nokuzinza. Inqaku layo elikhethekileyo kukuba isenamandla athile kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation kwiqondo lokushisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-500 ~ 600℃. Isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukwenza izinto ezinobushushu obuphezulu kwizixhobo zamandla obushushu kunye nezixhobo zepetrochemical. Iintsimbi eziphantsi kwe-alloy resistant corrosion ziquka i-aluminium-bearing corrosion resistant steels ezisetyenziselwa izixhobo zepetrochemical kunye ne-phosphorus-bearing kunye ne-copper-bearing corrosion resistant steels ezisetyenziselwa amanzi olwandle okanye i-atmospheric resistant corrosion. Ukongeza ekwaneliseni iipropathi ezibanzi zemishini, olu hlobo lwentsimbi lunokumelana nokugqwala kwindlela ehambelanayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswe kwi-hot rolled okanye i-normalizing state, i-non-heat treatment yentsimbi eqinisiweyo. Ishiti lentsimbi yobushushu obuphantsi kufuneka lisetyenziswe kwi--40 ~ 196 ℃ izixhobo zobushushu obuphantsi kunye nenxalenye yesakhiwo, eyona mfuno iphambili yokuqina kobushushu obuphantsi, amandla awaphezulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo ihlukaniswe ibe yintsimbi engena-nickel kunye ne-nickel-containing steel, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-normalizing okanye i-normalizing fire state, iyingxenye yonyango olungenabushushu lwensimbi eqinisiweyo. 3. Uhlalutyo lwe-weldability yentsimbi eyomeleleyo Ezona ngxaki ziphambili zokuweldability zentsimbi eyomeleleyo zezi: icrystallization crack, i-liquefaction crack, i-liquefaction crack, i-crack ebandayo, i-reheat crack kunye nobushushu obuchaphazelekayo utshintsho lwentsebenzo yendawo (1) Ukuqhekeka kwekristale Ukuqhekeka kwekristale kwi-weld kwenziwa ngaphakathi. ixesha lokuqiniswa kwewelding kade ngenxa yokuba i-eutectic enendawo yokunyibilika ephantsi yenza ifilim elulwelo kumda wokudla okuziinkozo kunye neentanda kumda weenkozo phantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo lokuzibamba. Ukuveliswa kwayo kuhambelana nomxholo wokungcola (njenge-sulfure, i-phosphorus, i-carbon, njl.) kwi-weld. Oku kungcola zizinto ezikhuthaza ukuqhekeka kwe-crystallization kwaye kufuneka zilawulwe ngokungqongqo. I-Manganese inesiphumo se-desulphurization, enokuthi iphucule ukuxhathisa kokuqhekeka kwe-weld. (2) Ubushushu bommandla ochaphazelekayo we-liquefied crack welding I-crack encibilikisiweyo ibangelwa kukunyibilika kwendawo ye-eutectic enyibilikayo ephantsi kufutshane nomda weenkozo zesinyithi kwi-welding multi-layer phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-tensile ngenxa yebhayisikile ye-thermal ye-welding. I-4 Inkqubo ye-Welding yentsimbi yamandla aphezulu Inkqubo ye-welding ibandakanya ukukhethwa kweendlela ze-welding kunye nezixhobo ze-welding, ukuzimisela kweenkcukacha ze-welding, ukuqulunqwa kwabasebenzi bonyango lobushushu kunye nokuqulunqwa kwendibano ye-welding kunye nokulandelelana kwe-welding. Inkqubo ye-welding efanelekileyo ibaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa iindleko. (1) I-Hot rolling kunye nenkqubo ye-welding yentsimbi eqhelekileyo I-Hot rolling yentsimbi eqhelekileyo ine-weldability elungileyo, kuphela xa inkqubo ye-welding ayilunganga iya kubonakala iingxaki zokusebenza ezidibeneyo. I-Hot rolling kunye nentsimbi eqhelekileyo ifanelekile kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-welding, ngokukodwa ngokuhambelana nobukhulu bezinto eziphathekayo, isakhiwo semveliso, indawo ye-weld kunye neemeko ezithile phantsi kwesicelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuwelda kunokwenziwa nge-arc welding, i-arc welding, i-carbon dioxide gas ekhuselwe ukuwelda kunye ne-electroslag welding. Ukuze ugweme i-embrittlement kwindawo eshushu, igalelo elincinci lokushisa kufuneka likhethwe. Igalelo elincinci lobushushu kunye namanyathelo okushisa angasetyenziselwa ukulawula ukushisa kwe-interlayer ukukhusela iintanda xa intsimbi ye-welding kunye nobukhulu obukhulu kunye nesiseko se-alloy elements. Injongo yokukhetha izinto zokudibanisa i-welding zimbini: enye kukuphepha zonke iintlobo zeziphene kwi-weld, enye ihambelana neempawu zomatshini zesiseko setsimbi. Ngenxa yobungcali be-weld crystallization, ukwakheka kweekhemikhali ngokuqhelekileyo kuyahluka kwisiseko sesinyithi. Xa usebenzisa i-electrode arc welding, unokukhetha i-electrode amandla ayo ahambelana nesiseko sesinyithi, oko kukuthi, ngokutsho kwe-b yesiseko sesinyithi ukukhetha. Intsimbi eshushu egobileyo enamandla aphantsi welding kunye nokuthambekela kokuqhekeka okuncinci kunokukhetha i-calcium electrode kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo okanye i-electrode ephantsi ye-hydrogen. Kwintsimbi yamandla aphezulu, i-electrode ye-hydrogen ephantsi kufuneka ikhethwe. Ukushisa okuphantsi kweentsimbi zokuphosa iivalve Lo mgangatho usebenza kwiivalve, iiflange kunye nezinye izinto ezifakwe phantsi koxinzelelo olusetyenziswa kubushushu obuphantsi ukusuka -254 ℃ ukuya -29 ℃. Zonke iicastings ziya kunyangwa ngobushushu ngokoyilo kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali zezinto. Ukuze wenze i-casting-wall-castings ihambelane neempawu ezifunekayo zomatshini, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka ucime iintsimbi zentsimbi yomzimba wentambo. Ngaphambi kokuqhelekileyo okanye ukucima, kuvumelekile ukupholisa ukuphosa ngokuthe ngqo ngaphantsi kweqondo lokushisa lokutshintsha kwesigaba emva kokuphosa kunye nokuqina. Xa indlela ye-*** yokuphosa isiphene somphezulu iya kuvelisa ubushushu obuphezulu, ukuphosa kufuneka kufudunyezwe kubushushu obuncinci obuchazwe kwiThebhile 4 ngaphambi kokuphunyezwa. Umda walo mgangatho uchaza iimfuno zobugcisa, iindlela zovavanyo, imithetho yokuhlola kunye namanqaku okuphoswa kwentsimbi yobushushu obuphantsi kwiivalvu (emva koku kubhekiselwa kuzo njenge "castings"). Lo mgangatho usebenza kwiivalvu, iiflange kunye nezinye izinto zokuphoswa phantsi koxinzelelo olusetyenziswa kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi ukusuka -254 ℃ ukuya -29 ℃. Uxwebhu lwereferensi yesiqhelo Imigaqo kula maxwebhu alandelayo iba yimiqathango yalo Mgangatho ngokubhekisele kulo Mgangatho. Kwiingcaphulo zomhla, zonke izilungiso ezilandelayo (kungabandakanywa iimpazamo) okanye izilungiso azisebenzi kulo Mgangatho, nangona kunjalo, amaqela kwizivumelwano phantsi kwalo Mgangatho ayakhuthazwa ukuba ahlolisise ukusetyenziswa kweenguqulelo zala maxwebhu. Kwiimbekiselo ezingabhalwanga umhla, iinguqulelo zabo ziyasebenza kulo mgangatho. I-GB / T222-2006 yensimbi yokuhlalutya kweekhemikhali - Indlela yesampula yesampuli kunye nokuphambuka okuvumelekileyo kwemveliso egqityiweyo yokwakheka kweekhemikhali GB / T 223 (zonke iindawo) Iindlela zokuhlalutya iikhemikhali zentsimbi, intsimbi kunye ne-alloys GB / T 228-2002 Izinto ze-Metallic --Tensile uvavanyo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi (ISO 6892:1998 (E), MOD) GB/T 229-1994 Metal Charpy notch impembelelo indlela yokuvavanya impembelelo (eqv TSG 148:1983) Ukunyamezelana kweDimensional kunye nezibonelelo zoMatshini zokuCasa (eqv ISO 8062:1994) GB/ T 9452-2003 Iziko lonyango lobushushu--umiselo lwendawo yokufudumeza esebenzayo Iinxalenye zentsimbi yekhabhoni ngeenjongo zobunjineli ngokubanzi (neq ISO 3755:1991) GB/T 12224-2005 iivalvu zentsimbi Iimfuno ngokubanzi GB/T 12230--2005 ukugalelwa kwentsimbi engatyiwayo iivalvu ngokubanzi -- Iinkcukacha zobugcisa Imigaqo ngokubanzi yokuqinisekiswa komgangatho wokuwelda (> GB/T 13927 Uvavanyo loxinzelelo lwevalvu ngokubanzi (GB/T 13927-- ​​1992.neq ISO 5208:1382) GB/T15169-2003 Uvavanyo lwezakhono zokunyibilikisa intsimbi (ISO) / DIS 9606-1: 2002) JB/T 6439 Ivalve yokunyanzeliswa kwentsimbi yokuphoswa kwentsimbi yokuhlola imagnethi yokuhlolwa kweRadiographic yokunyanzeliswa kweentsimbi zeJB/T 6440 iValve JB/T 6902 intsimbi yokuphoswa kwevalve - indlela yokuvavanya ukungena kolwelo JB/T 7927 ivalve intsimbi castings imbonakalo iimfuno umgangatho ASTM A3S1 / A3S1M Austenite kunye austenite kumacandelo uxinzelelo. Ukucaciswa kwe-ferritic (i-biphase) yentsimbi ye-ASTM A352/A352M Ukucaciswa kwe-Ferritic kunye ne-Martensitic Steel Castings kuMalungu aphantsi koBuqondo obuphantsi Uxinzelelo lweeMfuno zobuChwephesha Umgangatho wezinto kunye nobushushu benkonzo Ibakala lemathiriyeli kunye nobushushu benkonzo yokuphosa iboniswe kwiTheyibhile 1. ibakala lemathiriyeli kunye nobushushu benkonzo Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali kunye neempawu zoomatshini Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zokusaswa kuya kuhambelana neemfuno ezikwiTheyibhile yesi-2.