Izinto ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe zezicelo zesevisi ezidingayo

Sisebenzisa amakhukhi ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwakho. Ngokuqhubeka nokuphequlula le webhusayithi, uyavumelana nokusebenzisa kwethu amakhukhi. Ulwazi olwengeziwe. Ayikho incazelo esemthethweni yesevisi ebucayi. Kungaqondwa njengezimo zokusebenza lapho izindleko zokushintshwa kwe-valve ziphezulu noma umthamo wokucubungula uncishisiwe. Kunesidingo somhlaba wonke sokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza ukuze kwandiswe inzuzo yazo zonke izinhlaka ezithintekayo ezimweni ezingezinhle zezinsizakalo. Lokhu kusuka kuwoyela negesi kanye namakhemikhali ephethroli kuya emandleni enuzi kanye nokuphehla ugesi, ukucubungula amaminerali kanye nezimayini. Abaqambi nonjiniyela bazama ukufeza lo mgomo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Indlela efaneleke kakhulu ukukhulisa isikhathi nokusebenza kahle ngokulawula ngempumelelo amapharamitha enqubo (njengokuvalwa okusebenzayo nokulawula ukugeleza okulungiselelwe). Ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile, ngoba ukunciphisa ukushintshwa kungaholela endaweni yokukhiqiza ephephile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani isebenzela ukunciphisa i-inventory yemishini, okuhlanganisa amaphampu nama-valve, kanye nokulahlwa okudingekayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanikazi bezikhungo balindele ushintsho olukhulu empahleni yabo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda komthamo wokucubungula kubangela amapayipi nemishini embalwa (kodwa amadayamitha amakhulu) kanye nezinsimbi ezimbalwa zokusakaza komkhiqizo ofanayo. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ngaphezu kokuthi kufanele ibe nkulu ukuze kube nobubanzi obubanzi bepayipi, ingxenye yesistimu eyodwa nayo idinga ukumelana nokuchayeka isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinokhahlo ukuze kuncishiswe isidingo sokulondolozwa nokushintshwa kwangaphakathi komsebenzi. Izingxenye ezihlanganisa ama-valve namabhola ama-valve kudingeka ziqine ukuze zivumelane nomsebenzi ofunekayo, kodwa futhi zinganikeza impilo ende yesevisi. Kodwa-ke, inkinga enkulu ngezicelo eziningi ukuthi izingxenye zensimbi zifinyelele umkhawulo wokusebenza kwazo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi abaklami bangathola ezinye izinto ezingezona ezensimbi, ikakhulukazi izinto ze-ceramic, zezicelo zesevisi ezifunayo. Amapharamitha ajwayelekile adingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe izingxenye ngaphansi kwezimo zesevisi ezinzima ahlanganisa ukumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nokukhathala, ubulukhuni, amandla, nokuqina. Ukuqina kuyipharamitha eyinhloko, ngoba izingxenye ezingaqinile zingahluleka ngendlela eyingozi. Ukuqina kwezinto ze-ceramic kuchazwa njengokumelana nokusabalalisa ukuqhekeka. Kwezinye izimo, ingakalwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlehlisa, okuholela kumavelu aphezulu ngokuzenzisa. Ukusetshenziswa komugqa wokusika ohlangothini olulodwa kunganikeza izilinganiso ezinembile. Amandla ahlobene nokuqina, kodwa abhekisela endaweni eyodwa lapho okubalulekile kwehluleka ngokuyingozi uma kusetshenziswa ingcindezi. Ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi "i-modulus of rupture" futhi kukalwa ngokwenza isilinganiso samaphuzu amathathu noma amaphoyinti amane okugoba entweni yokuhlola. Ukuhlolwa kwamaphuzu amathathu kunikeza inani elingaphezulu ngo-1% kunohlolo lwamaphuzu amane. Nakuba ubulukhuni bungalinganiswa ngezikali ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa i-Rockwell ne-Vickers, isikali se-Vickers microhardness sifaneleka kakhulu ezintweni zobumba ezithuthukisiwe. Ubulukhuni bulingana ngokuqondile nokumelana nokugqoka kwezinto. Ku-valve esebenza ngendlela ye-cyclic, ukukhathala kuyinkinga enkulu ngenxa yokuvulwa nokuvala okuqhubekayo kwe-valve. Ukukhathala kuwumkhawulo wamandla, ngale kwalokho okubalulekile kuzovame ukwehluleka ngaphansi kwamandla avamile okugoba. Ukumelana nokugqwala kuncike endaweni yokusebenza kanye nendawo equkethe izinto. Kulo mkhakha, izinto eziningi ezithuthukisiwe ze-ceramic zinezinzuzo ngaphezu kwezinsimbi, ngaphandle kokuthi "i-hydrothermal degradation", okwenzeka lapho ezinye izinto ezisekelwe ku-zirconia zivezwa ku-steam ephezulu. I-geometry eyingxenye, i-coefficient yokwandisa ukushisa, ukuqhutshwa kokushisa, ukuqina namandla kuthinteka ukushaqeka kokushisa. Lena indawo evumela ukuqhutshwa kwe-thermal okuphezulu nokuqina, ngakho izingxenye zensimbi zingasebenza ngempumelelo. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthuka kwezinto zobumba manje kunikeza amazinga amukelekayo okumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo. I-ceramics ethuthukisiwe isetshenziswe iminyaka eminingi futhi idumile phakathi konjiniyela abanokwethenjelwa, onjiniyela bezitshalo nabaklami be-valve abadinga ukusebenza okuphezulu kanye nenani. Ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza, kukhona ukwakheka komuntu ngamunye okuhlukile okufanele uhla olubanzi lwezimboni. Kodwa-ke, ama-ceramics amane athuthukisiwe abaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wamavalvu esevisi aqinile. Zihlanganisa i-silicon carbide (SiC), i-silicon nitride (Si3N4), i-alumina ne-zirconia. Izinto ze-valve nebhola le-valve zikhethwa ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza. Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-zirconia zisetshenziswa kuma-valve, kokubili ane-coefficient efanayo yokwandisa okushisayo nokuqina njengensimbi. I-Magnesium oxide i-zirconia ezinzile kancane (Mg-PSZ) inokumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo okuphezulu kakhulu kanye nokuqina, kuyilapho i-yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) iqinile futhi inamandla, kodwa isengozini yokuwohloka kwe-hydrothermal. I-Silicon nitride (Si3N4) inokwakheka okuhlukile. I-gas pressure sintered silicon nitride (GPPSN) iyinto esetshenziswa kakhulu kumavalvu nezingxenye zamavalvu. Ngaphezu kokuqina kwayo okujwayelekile, iphinde inikeze ubulukhuni obuphezulu namandla, ukumelana nokushaqeka okuhle kakhulu kwe-thermal kanye nokuzinza kokushisa. Ukwengeza, ezindaweni ezinokushisa okuphezulu kwe-steam, i-Si3N4 iyindawo efanelekile ye-zirconia, engavimbela ukuwohloka kwe-hydrothermal. Uma isabelomali siqinile, isicacisi singakhetha i-silicon carbide noma i-alumina. Zombili izinto ezisetshenziswayo zinokuqina okuphezulu, kepha aziqinile kune-zirconia noma i-silicon nitride. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi impahla ifaneleka kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwengxenye emile, njengama-valve linings nezihlalo zamavalvu, kunamabhola e-valve noma amadiski angaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zensimbi ezisetshenziswa ekufakweni kwevalvu yesevisi enokhahlo (okuhlanganisa i-ferrochrome (CrFe), i-tungsten carbide, i-Hastelloy ne-Stellite), izinto zobumba ezithuthukisiwe zinokuqina okuphansi namandla afanayo. Izicelo zesevisi ezinzima zibandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwamavalvu ajikelezayo, njengamavaluvu ovemvane, ama-trunnions, ama-valve amabhola antantayo, namavalvu entwasahlobo. Kulezi zicelo, i-Si3N4 ne-zirconia ibonisa ukumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo, ukuqina namandla okuzivumelanisa nezimo ezidinga kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuqina nokumelana nokugqwala kwezinto, impilo yesevisi yezingxenye iyanda izikhathi eziningana uma iqhathaniswa nezingxenye zensimbi. Ezinye izinzuzo zihlanganisa izici zokusebenza ze-valve phakathi nokuphila kwayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho igcina khona umthamo wayo wokuvala nokulawula. Lokhu kuboniswa ohlelweni lapho i-valve engu-65 mm (2.6 in) i-valve kynar/RTFE ibhola kanye ne-liner kuvezwe ku-98% we-sulfuric acid ne-ilmenite, eguqulelwa ku-titanium oxide pigment. Ukubola kwabezindaba kusho ukuthi impilo yalezi zingxenye ingaba yinde amasonto ayisithupha. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-valve trim eyenziwe yi-Nilcra™ (Figure 1), okuyi-zirconia eqinile ye-magnesium oxide (i-Mg-PSZ), inobulukhuni obuhle kakhulu nokumelana nokugqwala, futhi inganikeza iminyaka emithathu yesevisi engaphazamiseki ngaphandle kokubonakala. ukuguga. Kuma-valve alayini, okuhlanganisa ama-engeli, ama-throttle valves noma ama-globe valves, ngenxa yezimpawu ze-"hard seal" zale mikhiqizo, i-zirconia ne-silicon nitride ifaneleka kuma-valve plugs nezihlalo zamavalvu. Ngokufanayo, i-alumina ingasetshenziselwa amanye ama-gaskets namakheji. Ngokufanisa amabhola okugaya esihlalweni se-valve, izinga eliphezulu lokuvala lingafinyelelwa. Okwakheni ama-valve, okuhlanganisa i-valve core, i-outlet kanye ne-outlet noma i-valve body lining, noma iyiphi yezinto ezine zobumba eziyinhloko zingasetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zohlelo. Ukuqina okuphezulu nokumelana nokugqwala kwezinto kubonakale kunenzuzo mayelana nokusebenza komkhiqizo nempilo yesevisi. Thatha i-DN150 butterfly valve esetshenziswe endaweni yokuhluza i-bauxite yase-Australia njengesibonelo. Okuqukethwe kwe-silica okuphezulu okuphakathi kunikeza izinga eliphezulu lokugqoka ku-valve lining. Ama-gaskets namadiski asetshenziswe ekuqaleni ayenziwe nge-28% CrFe alloy futhi athatha amasonto ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwayishumi kuphela. Nokho, ngamavalvu enziwe nge-Nilcra™ zirconia (Umfanekiso 2), impilo yesevisi ikhuphuke yaba amaviki angu-70. Ngenxa yokuqina namandla ayo, ama-ceramics asebenza kahle kuma-valve amaningi. Kodwa-ke, ubulukhuni babo nokumelana nokugqwala okusiza ukwandisa impilo yesevisi ye-valve. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zawo wonke umjikelezo wokuphila ngokunciphisa isikhathi sokuphumula sezingxenye ezishintshayo, ukunciphisa imali yokusebenza kanye nempahla, ukuphathwa ngesandla okuncane, nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha ngokunciphisa ukuvuza. Isikhathi eside, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-ceramic kuma-valve anengcindezi ephezulu kube yinye yezinkinga eziyinhloko, ngoba lawa ma-valve angaphansi kwemithwalo ephezulu ye-axial noma ye-torsional. Kodwa-ke, abadlali abakhulu kulo mkhakha manje bathuthukisa amadizayini amabhola e-valve ukuthuthukisa ukusinda kwe-torque yokushayela. Omunye umkhawulo omkhulu isikali. Ubukhulu besihlalo se-valve esikhulu kunazo zonke kanye nebhola le-valve elikhulu kunawo wonke (Umfanekiso 3) okhiqizwe ku-zirconia ezinzile ingxenye ene-magnesium oxide yi-DN500 kanye ne-DN250, ngokulandelana. Kodwa-ke, iningi labacacisi okwamanje likhetha izinto zobumba ezingaphansi kwalawa masayizi. Nakuba izinto ze-ceramic manje sezifakazelwe ukuthi ziyisinqumo esifanele, ezinye iziqondiso ezilula zidinga ukulandelwa ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kwazo. Izinto ze-Ceramic kufanele zisetshenziswe kuqala kuphela lapho izindleko zidinga ukugcinwa okungenani. Amakhona acijile nokugxilisa ingcindezi kufanele kugwenywe ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Noma yikuphi ukungafani kokwanda kokushisa okungaba khona kufanele kucatshangelwe phakathi nesigaba sokuklama. Ukuze unciphise ukucindezeleka kwe-hoop, i-ceramic kufanele igcinwe ngaphandle, hhayi ngaphakathi. Okokugcina, isidingo sokubekezelelana kwejometri kanye nokuqedwa kwendawo kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela, njengoba lokhu kuzokwandisa kakhulu izindleko ezingadingekile. Ngokulandela le mihlahlandlela kanye nezinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zokukhetha izinto zokwakha kanye nokuxhumana nabahlinzeki kusukela ekuqaleni kwephrojekthi, kungatholwa isisombululo esifanelekile sazo zonke izicelo zesevisi ezinokhahlo. Lolu lwazi luthathwe ezintweni ezinikezwe nguMorgan Advanced Materials futhi lubuyekeziwe futhi lwashintshwa. Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. (2019, Novemba 28). Izinto ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe zezicelo zesevisi ezidingayo. AZoM. Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305 ngomhla kaJulayi 7, 2021. Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Izisetshenziswa ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe zokufuna izicelo zesevisi". AZoM. Julayi 7, 2021. . Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Izisetshenziswa ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe zokufuna izicelo zesevisi". AZoM. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305. (Ifinyelelwe ngoJulayi 7, 2021). Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. 2019. Izinto zobumba ezithuthukisiwe zezicelo zesevisi ezidingayo. I-AZoM, ibukwe ngoJulayi 7, 2021, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305. Umqondisi ophethe we-AZoM kanye noCamfil wase-UK uDavid Moulton baxoxe ngezixazululo zenkampani zokuhlunga umoya nokuthi zingasiza kanjani ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yokusebenza ephephile kubantu abasembonini yezokwakha. Kule ngxoxo, umphathi womkhiqizo we-AZoM kanye ne-ELTRA uDkt. Alan Klostermeier bakhulume ngokuhlaziywa okusheshayo nokuthembekile kwe-O/N/H kwezisindo zesampula eziphezulu. Kule nhlolokhono, i-AZoM kanye no-Chuck Cimino, Umphathi Womkhiqizo Omkhulu eLake Shore Cryotronics, baxoxe ngezinzuzo zesistimu yabo yokulinganisa umthombo wokuvumelanisa we-M81. I-Zeus Bioweb™ iwubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa i-electrospun PTFE ibe imicu ye-polymer enobubanzi obuncane kakhulu obusuka kuma-nanometers kuye kuma-micrometer. Isoftware ka-METTLER TOLEDO ye-STARe yokuhlaziya okushisayo inikeza ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo kanye namathuba okuhlola angenamkhawulo.