i-cast iron wafer uhlobo lokuhlola i-valve pn16

Ixhuma abenzi bezinqumo kunethiwekhi eguquguqukayo yolwazi, abantu nemibono, i-Bloomberg iletha ulwazi lwebhizinisi nezezimali, izindaba kanye nokuqonda emhlabeni wonke ngesivinini nokunemba Ixhuma abenzi bezinqumo kunethiwekhi enamandla yolwazi, abantu nemibono, i-Bloomberg iletha ulwazi lwebhizinisi nezezimali, izindaba kanye nokuqonda emhlabeni jikelele ngesivinini nokunemba U-Inventor Buckminster Fuller wake wachaza inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe njengokuthi "isikhathi esifushane." Ukukhanya kwelanga nomoya ophefumulayo kuthatha indawo yamalahle namafutha njengemithombo yamandla, amabhrendi abaluleke kakhulu emabhizinisini kunezakhiwo, futhi izimali ze-fiat zithathe indawo yegolide nesiliva. Ngakho kubonakala kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi i-Periodic Table—ukuhlukaniswa okungaguquki kwezigaba zezinto ezibonakalayo njengethusi, insimbi, i-mercury, nesibabule—isiphelelwe yisikhathi futhi ayihlangene nhlobo nemishini yokubhala ngesandla. ngaphandle uma okuphambene ncamashi.Izinto zisabalulekile.Ngonyaka we-150 wokudalwa kwetafula lezikhathi ezithile ngusokhemisi waseRussia u-Dmitri Mendeleev, libaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili.funda okwengeziwe Ososayensi kudala befuna ukuhlukanisa izakhi ezaziwayo: ngo-1789, u-Antoine Lavoisier wahlukaniswa. ngo-1808, uJohn Dalton wayewabala ngesisindo se-athomu.Ngo-1864, uJohn Newlands wahlongoza umthetho wama-octave, ethi yonke i-octave yezinto zinezici ezifanayo.Kodwa u-Dmitri Mendeleev wadala ithebula lesibikezelo elihlelekile ngempela. UMendeleev wazalelwa eTobolsk, eSiberia, ngo-1834, enguthunjana ezinganeni eziyishumi nambili, futhi waphothula esikhungweni semfundo esikhulu eSt. Uprofesa wase-Imperial University of St. Izincwadi zikaMendeleev zango-1869 zombili zabala isikhathi sezakhi futhi zabikezela isikhala sezakhi ezingakanqunywa. Ngokutholakala kwe-gallium ngo-1875, i-scandium ngo-1879, ne-germanium ngo-1886, inkolelo-mbono etafuleni yafakazelwa ukuthi ilungile. Ukwamukelwa ngokwesayensi kwalezi zinkolelo-mbono kuye kwasheshisa ukucwaninga kwezwe elibonakalayo kanye nezicelo zalo zezimboni nezentengiselwano.UMendeleev ngokwakhe wahileleka, ephenya izinqubo ezihlobene nokukhiqizwa kwamalahle, uwoyela ngisho noshizi waseRussia phakathi nenqubo yesimanje yaseRussia. Ithebula selishintshile kancane kusukela abulawa umkhuhlane ngo-1907, kodwa inhlangano yawo eyisisekelo isekhona.Isici ngasinye sinophawu lwekhemikhali olunohlamvu olulodwa noma ezimbili, ngokuvamile olususelwe egameni lawo elivamile, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi lususelwa kolunye ulimi, olusetshenziselwa ukwenza igolide, elifana nelithi "Au" lisuka kwelesiLatini aurum.Inombolo ye-athomu imelela amaphrothoni kunucleus.Izixuku ze-athomu ezivamile ngezinye izikhathi zinikezwa ezindaweni zamadesimali eziningi, ezinezinombolo kubakaki esimweni se-isotopu ephile isikhathi eside kakhulu. Lawa makholomu abonisa izakhi ezinezici zamakhemikhali ezifanayo.Ngokwesibonelo, izinsimbi ze-alkali eziboniswe kukholamu yokuqala ngakwesobunxele zine-electron eyodwa egobolondweni lazo elingaphandle futhi ngenxa yalokho zivame ukuhlangana kahle nama-halogen, futhi kukholamu yesibili kwesokudla, ziyahlangana. babe nama-electron ayisikhombisa egobolondweni lawo elingaphandle futhi ukuntula ukukuqedela kwakudinga i-electron eyodwa.Le yindlela esithola ngayo izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-sodium chloride (usawoti wetafula) ne-potassium iodide, esiza ukuvikela indlala yegilo emisebeni. Ikholomu elingakwesokudla libonisa amagesi ahloniphekile amagobolondo e-electron angaphandle aphelele, okwenza iningi lalezi zakhi zisebenziseke ekukhanyeni, njengoba zingasabeli nezinye izakhi.Emathebula amaningi ezikhathi ezithile, ama-lanthanides nama-actinides ahlelwa ngemigqa ngezansi ukuze agweme. ukwenza itafula lingabi ngokoqobo. UMendeleev akazange alungise yonke into: wayekholelwa ukuthi izakhi zazihlukile futhi wenqaba umbono wokuthi zinezakhiwo ezifanayo. Futhi wenza indaba edidayo yokuthi i-ether iyingxenye.Kodwa umklamo wakhe oyisisekelo ulungile, yingakho kucatshangelwe umsunguli wayo namuhla - nokuthi kungani ukugujwa kwayo kweminyaka engama-50 kugujwa njengoNyaka Womhlaba Wonke Wethebula Lezikhathi.--Joanna Ozinger Sekungamashumi eminyaka, uguquko lwebhethri le-hydrogen lukhona iminyaka eyi-10. Kodwa njenge-Europe's No. ilungele ukwamukela izakhi ezicebe kakhulu emhlabeni.Abasekeli bathi uphethiloli uzoncintisana kakhulu njengoba ukunikezwa kwe-hydrogen evuselelekayo kukhula, okuzoba yingxenye ebalulekile yekusasa eliluhlaza. Omunye wemithelela yesikhathi eside kuphethiloli we-hydrogen ukuthi izibaso ezimbiwa phansi zivame ukudingeka ukuze ziwukhiqize. Akunjalo epulazini lomoya laseBerlevag noma edolobheni laseNorway iTrondheim, lapho uchwepheshe oqashwe umkhiqizi wezimoto waseSweden iScania AB esebenza nge-hydrogen. ama-electrolyzer namathangi okugcina aphehlwa amaphaneli elanga.Iyunithi ye-hydrogen izonika amandla uxhaxha lwamaloli nama-forklift ahlolwa umthengisi wendawo wegrosa u-ASKO. Okwamanje, nokho, izinhlobo ezingcolile zokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen zisabiza ngaphansi kwesigamu salokho okuvuselelekayo. Lokho kubuhlungu kuhulumeni waseNorway, ohlela ukuyeka ukuthengisa izimoto eziphehlwa ngemfucumfucu ngo-2025 futhi ulindele izimoto eziphehlwa nge-hydrogen ezingaba ngu-500,000. imigwaqo yezwe eminyakeni embalwa.Okungenani, lokho kusho ama-electrolyzers amaningi ezindaweni ezifana neBerlevag. Uma ikhulu lama-20 bekuyinkathi yezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, ikhulu lama-21 ngelebhethri. Phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka, amabhethri angase abe umthombo oyinhloko wamandla ezimotweni namaloli, futhi angase abe yinto evamile ezindizeni ezinophephela emhlane nasezindizeni. abanduleli benqola yegalofu, izimoto zikagesi zanamuhla zingafinyelela isivinini esingenangqondo kuyilapho zikhipha ukungcola okuncane kakhulu kunokusebenzisa igesi.Kulula futhi ukuwenza, futhi namabhethri azo angasetshenziswa kabusha. .Kodwa lo mzamo uza nezingozi zawo zemvelo, futhi kunengcindezi ekhulayo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkampani zithola izinto ezibalulekile ngokuzibophezela.Njengemboni kawoyela, ama-EV azowela ezingibeni eziningi ezifanayo, futhi kulula kakhulu.Kulolu daba. , sihlola izinto zokusetshenziswa kumabhethri, kusukela ku-lithium kuya ku-cobalt kuya ku-zinc, ukuze sibone ukuthi iziqinisekiso zabo eziluhlaza ziqhathaniswa kanjani. Iqinile kunensimbi, ilula kune-aluminiyamu, ayivamile kakhulu, futhi inobuthi uma ihogeliwe, i-beryllium ivamise ukugcinelwa izinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengemishini ye-X-ray, imikhumbi-mkhathi, izihlaseli zenuzi, nezikhali. Kodwa ngawo-1990, owayengumdlali wesithathu uChris Hinshaw wabona ithuba lemakethe: amabhayisikili.Inkampani yakhe yaseSan Jose, iBeyond Beryllium Fabrications, yenza amabhayisikili angaba ngu-100 ngensimbi.Iningi lenziwa ngama-alloys e-aluminium-beryllium futhi lithengiswa cishe ngamaRandi ayi-1,900; I-beryllium yezinga lezikhali ithengiswa ngemali elinganiselwa ku-$30,000. Abathengi bahlanganisa isihlabani se-baseball u-Pepper Davis. Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, u-Hinshaw wayeka ukukhiqiza amabhayisikili e-beryllium ngenxa yokuthi umphakeli wakhe oyinhloko, imayini yaseRussia kanye nendawo yokuhluza, akazange athembeke. ukukhiqiza ngokuhambisana namazinga nokulindelwe yimboni yamabhayisikili,” usho kanje. Kumagazini wethu wangomhla zingama-20 kuMfumfu, 1956, iBusinessWeek yabikezela "ukusetshenziswa okuningi okusha okujabulisayo" kwe-boron, ikakhulukazi kuphethiloli wendiza. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ososayensi baqaphela ukuthi amafutha asekelwe ku-boron ayenobuthi obukhulu futhi ejwayele ukuvutha ngokuzenzekelayo. Ngenhlanhla yethu, i-boron. iyaqhubeka idlala indima enanini elikhulayo leminye imikhiqizo, okuhlanganisa izinto zokuhlanza izingubo, umanyolo nezikrini ze-LCD. Sasiqinisile ekugcineni, hhayi nje ngezizathu esasizicabanga. Akukho okuzoshintsha indlela owenza ngayo inkomishi yekhofi, naphezu kwezinongo zethanga.Ubhontshisi uyagaywa, ugaywe, bese ucwiliswa emanzini noma ngaphandle kwengcindezi.Kodwa eminyakeni yamuva, inkomishi yakho yekhofi eyisisekelo iye yabuyekezwa kakhulu: I-nitrogen enganambitheki. iphonswa ekhofini eliphekiwe ukuze kufakwe igwebu elingeziwe kanye nokusikisela okuncane kobumnandi.Isiphuzo esihle se-nitro esibandayo sibukeka njengobhiya ohehayo onegwebu elithambile phezulu.Ngokwendaba yemvelaphi edume kakhulu, kusukela ikhofi lokuqala elathelwa empompini yase-Austin ngabo-2012 , isiphenduke inhloko yekhofi kanye namandla okushayela esigabeni sekhofi esilungele ukuphuzwa esingu-$4.1 billion. I-Portland, i-Ore.-based chain kazwelonke i-Stumptown Coffee Roasters Inc. yaqala ukunikeza ubhiya we-nitro ethinini ngo-2015 ngemva kokuzama inguqulo esalungiswa. Ithengisa cishe amathini ayizigidi ezingu-2 ngonyaka futhi ingumkhiqizo wenkampani okhula ngokushesha kakhulu. Ekuqaleni, u-Brent Wolczynski ophisa utshwala. uthe, “Inqubo ibiyi-DIY kakhulu. Sasifaka isiphuzo esibandayo ku-keg, siyishaye nge-nitrogen enomfutho ophezulu kakhulu, bese siyinyakazisa.” Manje le nqubo isilingana nokuhlolwa kwesayensi okwesabekayo: Imbiza ngayinye ifakwe iwijethi encane yepulasitiki egcina igesi ye-nitrogen ngaphakathi. amabhamuza amancane avelayo uma uthela. I-La Colombe Coffee Roasters ingenye i-brand ephezulu ehlanganisa umoya-mpilo, i-periodic table mate ye-nitrogen, enguqulweni yayo. I-valve yangokwezifiso iletha uhlobo lwegwebu elivame ukutholakala kuma-latte ashisayo eziphuzweni ezibandayo.Amabhamuza e-N2O ahlala isikhathi eside kunamabhamuza e-nitro futhi adala ukuthungwa okunokhilimu okwengeziwe okunoshukela ogqame kakhudlwana.U-La Colombe waze wanikeza ikani layo lobunikazi. I-Starbucks, elinye igama elikhulu emhlabeni wekhofi, isimemezele ukuthi isiphuzo sayo esibandayo se-nitro sizotholakala ezweni lonke ekupheleni konyaka. Ngokumangazayo, izotholakala ngezinhlobonhlobo zama-flavour kanye nokuqedwa, okufana ne-"Cascara Cold Foam". " nenye eno"Sweet Cream."Kukhona ngisho nokhilimu wamathanga obandayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokubona ebusuku sebuthembekile futhi sebusakazeke kabanzi, busetshenziswa yiwo wonke umuntu kusukela emasosheni kuye kwababukela izinyoni. Naphezu kokuthandwa okwandayo kwezindlela zedijithali, ukuthuthukiswa kokukhanya kusalokhu kuyindinganiso yemboni. ilensi futhi ibe yithubhu yokuqinisa isithombe.I-photocathode ibe isiguqula ukukhanya kube ama-electron, akhuliswa isiphindaphindi sama-electron futhi akhombe esikrinini se-phosphor ukuze kukhiqizwe isithombe esibonakalayo.-E.Tamikin Ukukhanya bekulokhu kuwukukhathazeka okukhulu komthwebuli wezithombe. maphakathi nekhulu le-19, umsebenzi wokubamba nokudala ukukhanya wawumkhulu kakhulu.Ngo-1864, abazalwane u-Alfred, amadodana osokhemisi baseBrithani, baqala ukuhlola isibani sakudala esikhanyayo—empeleni isibani esivutha insimbi. Isihluthulelo i-magnesium, insimbi yesiliva elula kakhulu.Enomboloni 12 etafuleni le-periodic, eduze naphezulu kwesokunxele, ingenye yezinto ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni, kodwa ayikaze itholakale isesimweni sayo esihlanzekile.Ngokwayo, i-magnesium iyasha. kancane futhi ngokucacile, futhi ikhipha ukukhanya okumaphakathi okugqamile -- akukho kukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma okuphuzi. Abazalwane bathatha insimbi ye-magnesium bayicwilisa ku-asidi, bayixuba nosawoti, bayishisa, base bethatha amanzi ajiyile ahwamuka. Wakha le nsimbi ehlanziwe yaba ama-flakes futhi wayisika yaba amaribhoni angakhanyiswa njengekhandlela. I-wick. Ubeke lo mlilo olawulekayo eduze kwekhamera yakhe enkulukazi futhi wathatha isithombe esiteshini sakhe."Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, cishe kuzoba nzima ngabantu abafayo ukuthi bazifihle ekhamera. Besihlala siphephile ngemva kokushona kwelanga, kodwa hhayi futhi," intatheli ezinze e-London yabhala ku-The Criterion.Maduze, izihambi ezinjengo-Charles Piazzi Smyth zathatha i-magnesium emgwaqeni ukuze zithwebule izigcawu zokuqala zemigede nengaphakathi le-Great Pyramid of Giza. Ngawo-1880s, ukukhanya kwase kugxume kusuka ebhokisini lamathuluzi lomhloli kuya ebhokisini lamathuluzi lentatheli. Ngokwemibiko, uJacob Riis, umthwebuli wezithombe we-New York Evening News ngaleso sikhathi, wafunda isihloko mayelana nomenzi wempushana ocwebezelayo waseJalimane futhi wasabela "nge- ukukhala okwamangaza umkami."...ngithole indlela, iyasebenza, thatha izithombe ngethoshi. UReese uthenge isibhamu esikhanyayo - esathungela impushana ye-magnesium ngaphakathi kwesibhamu - wahamba naso ukuyodubula amagumbi amnyama eNew York. I-Lower East Side.Ngaphandle kwe-magnesium, bekungeke kube khona indlela yokuphila kwenye ingxenye. U-Jessie Tarbox Beals naye akazithathi izithombe zefulethi, u-Jessie Tarbox Beals ungumthwebuli wezithombe ophenduke uthisha owathwebula i-Portrait of a New Yorker ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Njengoba isazi-mlando u-Kate Flint ebhala kokuthi "Flash!In one especially striking portrait by Beers, an owesifazane ongashiwongo igama lakhe uhlezi esihlalweni sasekhishini nengane enqunu ezandleni zakhe, ibonakala iphansi futhi ikhathele. Yena nezingane zakhe babempintshene phakathi kwezingubo zokulala ezingafani, obhasikidi abagugile bama-apula, izitofu ze-ayina, izimbiza, amaketela namabhodlela namapuleti kupakishwe emakhabetheni avuliwe. Amakhalenda nezindwangu ezilenga ezindongeni zonke zingama-tile angcolile. Ingabe likhona igumbi elake labona ukuphila okwengeziwe emashumini eminyaka alandela ukufa kukaBeers ngo-1942, ukukhanya kwe-magnesium kwavela kuphela ngendlela. Cabanga nje ukuqhuma okudidayo kokuqoshwa kwe-paparazzi maphakathi nekhulu lama-20. U-Dan Tidwell waqala ukusebenza njengomthwebuli wezithombe phakathi nezinsuku zakhe zokugcina endaweni evelele. isigaba sokugcina sokuhlola sohlelo lwe-NASA lwe-Apollo.Ikhamera u-Tidwell ayikhethile kwakuyifomethi enkulu ye-Graflex 4x5 enokukhanya okukhulu kwesokudla."Akujwayelekile ukuthi lelo silabhu sengilazi siqhume ngokoqobo," wangitshela. Kwesinye sezithombe zakhe, amadoda amane agqoke ama-ovaroli amhlophe nezigqoko eziqinile ame phambi kwerokhethi enkulu. Ngakwesokudla, izintambo eziwugwadule, amapayipi namabhaluni zisonteka zibe nemibala emnyama nempunga. Kwesokunxele, ukukhanya kuhlangene. ama-ovaloli amadoda, i-fuselage egobile yerokhethi, nezindonga ze-hangar zibe indiza emhlophe. Kulezi zinsuku, lobu buhle obushaqisayo abudumile kangako.(Inye kuphela inkampani e-Ireland, iMeggaflash, esadayisa amaflashi akudala.) NgoJulayi, ngaya emshadweni engadini enephunga elilufifi lejasmine eLos Angeles.Njengoba umcimbi uqala, cishe sonke isivakashi saphakamisa i-smartphone yaso.Saqhubeka sithwebula ngaphandle kokubaneka isikhathi eside ngemva kokuhwalala, sibonisa ukukhetha okwabiwe emiphethweni ecashile.Ukusebenzisa iflash ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela abathwebuli bezithombe zomshado okuphazamisa indawo esizungezile emnyama.Wachofoza idivayisi emzimbeni wekhamera futhi wacindezela I-shutter.Akukho ukuqhuma okuhlabayo noma intuthu eyinsimbi - inkumbulo nje yokukhanya okukhazimulayo kwe-magnesium. Umbala wensimbi oboniswe kukhava yalolu shicilelo i-Pantone 877 C, ikhwalithi yayo ecwebezelayo ivela kumaflakes e-aluminium ahlanganiswe noyinki. Ku-hydraulic fracturing, noma i-hydraulic fracturing, imishini yokubhoboza impompa into enamathelayo, ecwebile, e-viscous ngaphansi kwengcindezi emthonjeni, ephihliza idwala elingezansi futhi ikhiphe amadiphozi kawoyela negesi avaleleke. i-fracturing fluid.I-proppant evame kakhulu isihlabathi. Manje i-Fracking ingumthengi omkhulu wesihlabathi sase-US. Hhayi nje noma yisiphi isihlabathi esizokwenza: Izihlabathi ezihamba phambili zinezinhlamvu eziyindilinga, ezifanayo kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-silica okuphezulu, okuzenza zibe nzima ngokwanele ukuba zimelane nokubanjwa phakathi kwamadwala amakhulu. kuncike ekumbiweni kwezigidi zamathani esihlabathi,” ifundeka kanjalo incwajana evela kumphakeli onguchwepheshe u-Hi-Crush Inc., “kanye nokusimpompa sibuyele emhlabathini.” Izihlabathi ezifanele kakhulu ze-frac zivela e-Midwest Midwest.I-Northern White ne-Ottawa White ziyigugu ngenxa yokungabi nakungcola.Izitimela zezimpahla nezikebhe zithwala isihlabathi ziye eningizimu ePermian Basin futhi zisempumalanga ziye eMarcellus Shale.Njengoba imboni ikhula, abamba imishini ukuzama ukunciphisa izindleko zokuthutha baphendulele ukunaka kwabo ezindaweni eziqhekekayo, bemba esihlabathini esimpofu sase-Oklahoma kanye nokumba izindunduma zaseWest Texas. Ama-backhoes nama-loaders acosha isihlabathi emigodini engashoni.Izinhlamvu ziyawashwa, zihlungwe ngosayizi ngezihlungi nama-centrifuges, bese zomiswa ezigubhu.Kwesinye isikhathi isihlabathi simbozwa ngenhlaka ukuze siqine. Abagayi bagcina isihlabathi esizeni esiseleni noma kwezinye iziqukathi.Uma sidingeka, sixutshwa namanzi, amakhemikhali kanye nezinto eziwugqinsi njenge-guar gum emshinini omkhulu wokuhlanganisa ogibele iloli kanye nomgodi ompontshwayo. Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwawo ngo-1909, umanyolo usize ukondla umhlaba.Kodwa ukulimala kwawo emhlabeni kuya ngokuya kuthusa.Abalimi baseStone Barns Food and Agriculture Centre eTarrytown, NY, bahamba phambili ekuvundiseni imvelo.Emahekthali angaphezu kuka-400 umhlaba onikelwe umndeni wakwaRockefeller, izinkomo, izimvu, izimbuzi, izingulube nezikhukhukazi zishintshanisa izitshalo emadlelweni ahlukene, kanti umquba wazo uwumthombo omkhulu womanyolo. enye yezinto eziqashwe ngokucophelela kule ndawo.Uyibiza ngokuthi i-steroid yombuso wezitshalo - ehlangene ne-nitrogen ne-potassium, ingakwazi ukuguqula i-zucchini ethobekile ibe yisibonelo esimangalisayo. U-Dan Barber, umpheki kanye nomnikazi wendawo i-Blue Hill e-Stone Barns restaurant, ufuna ukufakazela ukuthi abalimi basengakwazi ukuzuza uma beyeka lokho akubiza ngokuthi "ukudla kwabo okunomsoco owodwa" ngezakhi ezifana ne-phosphorus ne-nitrogen. okuningi kwanoma yini, i-phosphorus eyeqile iyingozi.Ukugeleza okugcwele umanyolo kulimaza izindlela zamanzi ngokugqugquzela ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kolwelwe nokhula. I-Westchester County, lapho i-Stone Barn itholakala khona, ivimbele umanyolo we-phosphate yezentengiselwano ngenxa yosongo olubangela imvelo yomfula i-Hudson.I-phosphorus etholakala ngokwemvelo ayincibiliki kalula - futhi ayivinjelwe - ngakho-ke i-Stone Barns icacile. Kuke kwaba nesikhathi - 2017 - lapho iBrexit ibonakala sengathi ilenga phezu kwezinkukhu ezigezwe nge-chlorine.Umkhuba wokuvalwa inzalo uvinjelwe eYurophu kodwa uvamile e-United States, ephikelele ukuthi ngeke isayine isivumelwano sokuhweba ne-post-EU Britain ukuthi ayifaki izinkukhu zayo.Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, undunankulu, futhi kamuva engekho i-Brexit, ukufika okungenzeka kwezinyoni ezine-chlorinated kusathukuthelisa "izinsalela". Imizamo yase-US yokwehlukanisa ukuhlinzeka kwayo ngezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba (REEs) iholele emthonjeni obungalindelekile: amalahle.Uhlelo olwaqalwa ngo-2014 luhlose ukususa i-United States ekuthembeleni kwayo eChina, njengoba izimbiwa eziyi-17 okunzima ukuzimbiwa zibalulekile. ezinhlelweni eziningi zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, okuhlanganisa nezikhali. "Isibikezelo sethu samanje ukuthi uma kufezwa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwe-REE, kuzoba nemithombo yamalahle eyanele yasekhaya ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sase-US," kusho uMary Anne Alvin, umphathi wezobuchwepheshe we-DOE we-REEs. Amaphrojekthi angama-22 athembele ekumbiweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamalahle akhona futhi angeke abangele ukulimala okwengeziwe kwemvelo, kusho abaphathi. Inselele enkulu ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokwehlukana kanye nokunothisa obungakhushulelwa emisebenzini yezohwebo. isici, sizosiza ukufeza lo mgomo.Lawa amaphrojekthi amabili asemikhawulweni ehlukene yomjikelezo wokukhiqiza amalahle. Le phrojekthi ihlose ukuthwebula ama-REE ku-lignite, ilahle lezinga eliphansi.Kulula ukulikhipha ku-lignite kunamalahle ezinga eliphezulu, kusho uNolan Theaker, umholi wezobuchwepheshe walephrojekthi eNyuvesi yaseNyakatho Dakota.Ngokusho kukaTheaker, inqubo yesibonelo. ihlikihla, ifake izikrini futhi iphathe ngamakhemikhali amakhilogremu angu-44 we-lignite ngehora ukuze kukhiqizwe ingxenye yesithathu yeounce yomkhiqizo we-oxide yomhlaba ongavamile - cishe u-1/100 wenani elidingekayo lemoto yemoto kagesi. Le phrojekthi izoqhubekela phambili ekucubunguleni uhhafu wethani lamalahle ihora, nomshayeli wendiza ehlelelwe u-2023, esho. Ubuhle bokukhishwa ekupheleni kwenqubo ukuthi ukugcwala kwe-REE emlotheni wamalahle kuphakeme ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyisi-6 kuye kweziyi-10 kunamalahle angashiswanga, kusho uPrakash Joshi, owayeyinhloko ye-Andover, Mass.-based Physical Sciences Inc..Umshayeli wephrojekthi imboni, okumele iqedwe ngo-2020, izogeza i-matrix eyingilazi equkethe i-REE isuka kuhhafu wethani lomlotha ngosuku esikhungweni sikagesi eFord, eKentucky, bese isebenzisa inqubo yamakhemikhali ukukhiqiza ama-ounces angu-17 ento eyomile equkethe ku- okungenani u-20% we-Scandium ne-Yttrium material. Yiqiniso, i-Silicon Valley ithola igama layo kusukela ku-element 14, isisekelo sokwakha ama-chip chips.Ezinsukwini zokuqala zekhompiyutha, izingxenye ezintathu ze-chip-i-wafer noma i-substrate; ama-transistors ahlanganiswe phezulu; kanye nezintambo ezixhuma ebhodini lesifunda—zidinga izingxenye ezimbalwa kuphela. Namuhla, abenzi bama-chip basebenzisa ucezu olukhulu lwetafula lezikhathi.-E.Tamikin "I-Titanium inamandla kunensimbi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, futhi yethiwa nge-Titan ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki," kusho uchwepheshe wesayensi uBill Nye." Yinsimbi abantu abafuna ukuxhumana nayo -- yingakho, njengoba ukukhishwa kwe-Apple Card ngo-Agasti kwabonisa, i-titanium iwumsebenzi "wo" wamakhadi esikweletu. Noma kunjalo, inguqulo ye-laser efakwe yi-Apple Inc. amazinga ekhadi lensimbi.Isayithi lokubuyekeza I-Credit Card Insider ibala imikhiqizo engu-22 emakethe, futhi izinkampani ziyiphakamisa ngokuthi yenziwe nge-titanium, insimbi engagqwali (okungukuthi insimbi, ikhabhoni ne-chrome) kanye negolide elingu-24K. Naphezu komdlandla, bambalwa abaye baphusha ngempela imingcele ye-metallurgy.I-JPMorgan Chase & Co. ithole igama elihloniphekile ngekhadi layo le-JP Morgan Reserve - elifana nekhadi le-palladium, kodwa empeleni elenziwe ngezinsimbi ze-platinum.Ezinye izinkampani zingase zicabangele: ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elisha, uHenry Ford, imboni yezimoto eyahluleka kabili ifuna impumelelo yesithathu, yayinombono wohlobo olusha lwemoto. Izinhlobo zakuqala zazibhekene nemigwaqo emibi yangaleso sikhathi ngesisindo esiphelele, futhi kubiza ukuyakha. futhi uthenge."Isidingo esikhulu kunazo zonke osukwini lwanamuhla," kubhala Ford ngo-1906, "imoto elula, enenani eliphansi."