Insimbi esakazwayo ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa yempahla yevalvu

Insimbi esakazwayo ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa yempahla yevalvu Lesi sikali sichaza izidingo zobuchwepheshe, izindlela zokuhlola, imithetho yokunakekela, ukumaka kanye nesitifiketi sekhwalithi, ukuvimbela ukugqwala, izidingo zokupakisha kanye nokugcinwa kwensimbi esakazwayo ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa. I-geometry kanye nosayizi wokubunjwa kufanele kuhambisane nezidingo zomdwebo. Ukubekezelelana kobukhulu kanye nesibonelelo somshini kuzohambisana ne-GB/T6414 futhi ukuchezuka kwesisindo kuzohambisana ne-GB/T 11351. Isakhiwo se-metallographic sensimbi esakazwayo engazweli ukushisa sizochazwa ngokuya nge-GB/T 9441 kanye ne-GB/T. 7216, futhi izidingo ezinemininingwane kuzovunyelwana ngazo yizo zombili izinhlangothi. Isakhiwo se-matrix se-silicon engamelana nokushisa kwensimbi eyi-ferrite ikakhulukazi. Ibanga elingu-1 Lesi sikali sichaza izidingo zobuchwepheshe, izindlela zokuhlola, imithetho yokunakekela, ukumaka kanye nesitifiketi sekhwalithi, ukuvimbela ukugqwala, izimfuneko zokupakisha kanye nokugcinwa kwensimbi esakazwayo ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa. Lesi sikali sifanele ukubunjwa kwesihlabathi noma ukubunjwa kwensimbi engazweli ukushisa okunokushisa okufana nesikhunta sesihlabathi futhi sisebenza ngaphansi kuka-1100 ℃. 2 Amafayela ayizethenjwa ajwayelekile Imigomo kumadokhumenti alandelayo iba imigomo yalesi sikali ngokubhekisela kulesi sikali. Ezicashunweni ezinedethi, zonke izichibiyelo ezilandelayo (ngaphandle kwe-erratum) noma izibuyekezo azisebenzi kulesi sikali. Kodwa-ke, abathintekayo ezivumelwaneni ngaphansi kwalesi sikali bayakhuthazwa ukuthi baphenye ukutholakala kwe-*** izinguqulo zala madokhumenti. Ngezinkomba ezingenasuku, inguqulo ye-*** iyasebenza kulesi sikali. 3 Izidingo Zobuchwepheshe 3. Ibanga kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi esakazwayo ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa Indlela yokuqokwa yensimbi esakazwayo ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa ihambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwe-GB/T5612, ehlukaniswe ngamamaki ayi-11. Ibanga kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi ewuketshezi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 1. Ithebula 1. Ibanga kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi esakazwayo ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa 3.2 Ubukhulu beJiyomethri, imvume yomshini kanye nokubekezelela isisindo Ijiyomethri nosayizi wokubunjwa kufanele kuhambisane izidingo zomdwebo. Ukubekezelela kobukhulu kanye nemvume yomshini kuzohambisana ne-GB/T6414 futhi ukuchezuka kwesisindo kuzohambisana ne-GB/T 11351. 3.3 Ikhwalithi Yokuphezulu 3.3.1 Ubulukhuni bendawo yokulingisa buzovumelana nokuchazwa kwe-GB/ T6061.1, futhi izinga lesikali lizovunyelwa yizinhlangothi zombili. 3.3.2 Ama-castings kufanele ahlanzwe, izingxenye ezingasasebenzi kufanele zisikwe, futhi okusele kwesikhuphukeli esithelayo, ithambo lomgogodla, isihlabathi sobumba kanye nomgodi ongaphakathi kuzosuswa. Ukulingisa kuzothobelana nezidingo zomdwebo womthengi, izimfuneko zobuchwepheshe noma isivumelwano se-oda phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili. 3.3.3 Ifomu, inombolo, usayizi kanye nendawo yeziphambeko okuvunyelwene ngazo mayelana nendlela yokuphonsa, ukulungiseka kanye nokulungisa kuyovunyelwa yizinhlangothi zombili. 3.4 Umsebenzi wemishini Izakhiwo zemishini zokubunjwa kwezinga lokushisa ekamelweni kufanele zihambisane nencazelo kuThebula 2, futhi izici ezicindezelayo zesikhathi esifushane zikhonjiswe kuSithasiselo A 3.5 Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Ngokuvamile, ukwelashwa ngokushisa kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kususwe ingcindezi esele Insimbi ye-ductile engashisi ye-silicon nochungechunge lwe-aluminium. Kodwa-ke, lapho okuqukethwe kwe-pearlite yensimbi evikela ukushisa ye-silicon key series ingaphansi kuka-15%, ukwelashwa kokushisa akukwazi ukwenziwa. Kwamanye amabhrendi, uma kudingwa umfakisicelo, ukwelashwa kokushisa ukuze kuqedwe ingcindezi eyinsalela kuzokwenziwa ngokuvumelana nesisekelo soku-oda. Imibandela yokusetshenziswa kwensimbi ewuketshezi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa ikhonjiswe kuSithasiselo B 3.6 Isakhiwo se-metallographic Isakhiwo se-metallographic sensimbi esakazwayo engazweli ukushisa sizochazwa ngokuvumelana ne-GB/T 9441 kanye ne-GB/T 7216, futhi izidingo ezinemininingwane kuzovunyelwana ngazo. ngamaqembu womabili. Isakhiwo se-matrix se-silicon engamelana nokushisa kwensimbi eyi-ferrite ikakhulukazi. 3.7 I-Anti-oxidation, umsebenzi ovimbela ukukhula kanye ne-coefficient yokunweba okushisayo Emazingeni okushisa esevisi, izinga lokutholwa kwesisindo se-oxidation elingana nokushisa alikho ngaphezu kuka-0.5 g/m2·h, futhi izinga lokukhula alikho ngaphezu 0.2%. Umsebenzi we-anti-oxidation kanye ne-anti-ukukhula wensimbi esakazwayo ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa kanye ne-coefficient yokunwetshwa kwe-thermal ayisetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokwamukelwa. 3.8 Izidingo Ezikhethekile Uma lowo odingayo enezidingo zokuhlolwa kwezinhlayiyana zikazibuthe, ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic, ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray, njll., ofunayo kanye nomfakisicelo bazoxoxisana futhi basebenzise ngokuvumelana ne-GB/T 9494, GB/T 7233 kanye ne-GB/T 5677 ngokulandelanayo. . 4 Indlela yokuhlola 4.1 Ukuhlaziywa kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali 4.1.1 Ukuhlaziywa kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kungenziwa ngokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali okuvamile noma ukufundwa kwe-photoelectric ukuhlaziya okuqondile kwe-spectroscopic. 4.1.2 Izindlela zesampula zokuhlaziya amakhemikhali ezivamile zizocaciswa ku-GB/T 20066. 4.1.3 Indlela yesampula ye-Spectrum izokwenziwa ngokuvumelana ne-GB/T 5678 kanye ne-GB/T 14203. Indlela yokuhlaziya i-spectral izokwenziwa ngokuvumelana nencazelo. ye-GB/T 20125. 4.1.4 Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Arbitrate ye-carbon, i-silicon, i-manganese, isulfure ne-phosphorus ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali yi-GB/T 20123 noma i-GB/T223.69,GB/ T223.60 kanye ne-GB/T ngokulandelanayo. 223.58 noma GB/T223.64,GB/T223.3 noma GB/T223.59 noma GB/T223.61,GB/T223.68; I-Chromium, i-aluminium, i-aluminium yokuhlaziya i-arbitration ngokulandelana ngokuya nge-GB/T223.11 noma i-GB/T223.12, GB/T223.26, GB/T223.28 inqamula ukubulawa. 4.2 Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwemishini 4.2.1 Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwezinga lokushisa kwegumbi kwe-HTRCr, HTRCr2, HTRSi5 namanye amabanga, okuhlanganisa ukulungiswa kwamasampula, kuzokwenziwa ngokuvumelana nokucaciswa kwe-GB/T228. 4.2.2 Ukuhlolwa kwemishini kwe-ayina edonsa umoya ukumelana nokushisa kanye ne-HTRCr16 ekamelweni lokushisa kuzokwenziwa ngokuya nge-GB/T228. 4.2.3 Ukuqina kwensimbi esakazwayo ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa kuzonqunywa ngokuya nge-GB/T231.1. 4.2.4 Amandla okuqina wesikhathi esifushane okushisa aphezulu ensimbi esakazwayo ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa azonqunywa ngokuya nge-GB/T4338. 4. 3 Ibhulokhi yokuhlola, isampula 4.3.1 Umumo nosayizi webhulokhi yokuhlola yabalingisi eyodwa emise okuka-Y esetshenziswe ekuhlolweni okuqinile kwe-QTRSi4, QTRSi5, QTR5i4Mo, QTRSi4Mo1, QTRA14Si4, QTRA15Si5 kukhonjisiwe ku-FIG.1 kanye neThebula lesi-3 ( umugqa oblique ku-FIG.1 indawo yesampula esikiwe). Uhlobo B ngokuvamile luyakhethwa. Amabhulokhi okuhlola ku-Appendix C nawo angasetshenziswa. Umumo nosayizi webhulokhi yokuhlola yokusika eyodwa elula ye-QTRA122 kanye ne-HTRCr16 4.3.2 Amajamo nosayizi bamasampuli aqinile asetshenziswa amabhrendi ensimbi abamba ukushisa ne-HTRCr16 aboniswa ku-FIG.3 kanye neThebula 4. 4.3.3 Amabhulokhi okuhlola izogcwaliswa ngensimbi ewuketshezi efanayo njengokubunjwa futhi ithululwe ekupheleni kwenqubo, futhi imodi yokupholisa izohambisana ngangokunokwenzeka nokubunjwa. 4.3.4 Izinga lokushisa lokupakisha lamabhulokhi okuhlola akumele lidlule ku-500 ° C 4.3.5 Kuvunyelwene ngokuthatha isampula elinamathiselwe kubhulokhi yokuphonsa noma ngokuqondile ekulingiseni, futhi inani lokwamukelwa lizovunyelwa yizinhlangothi zombili. 4.4 Ukuhlolwa Kokumelana Ne-oxidation kanye Nokumelana Nokukhula Ukuhlolwa kokumelana ne-oxidation kanye nokumelana nokukhula kwensimbi esakazwayo ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa kuzokwenziwa ngokuvumelana neSithasiselo D kanye Nesithasiselo E. 4.5 I-Coefficient of Thermal Expansion test Indlela yokuhlola ye-coefficient yokwanda okushisayo yenziwa ku-Appendix. F. 4.6 Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Ngokungeziwe ekususeni ukucindezelwa kwangaphakathi kokusakazwa, uma okunye ukwelashwa okushisa kwenziwa kuma-castings, amabhulokhi okuhlola azophinde aphathwe ukushisa esithandweni esifanayo noma inqubo. Iyunithi: imilimitha 5 Imithetho Yokwamukela 5.1 Ukwakheka kweqoqo lamasampula 5.1.1 Ama-castings akhiqizwa isikhunta esihlanganisiwe azohlanganisa inqwaba yamasampula. 5.1.2 Isisindo senqwaba yesampula ngayinye singama-2000 kg wokubunjwa ngemva kokuhlanza. Iqoqo lamasampula lingashintshwa njengoba kuvunyelwene ngazo zombili izinhlangothi. 5.1.3 Uma isisindo sokulingwa sikhulu kuno-2000 kg, kuzokwenziwa iqoqo lesampula elihlukile. 5.1.4 Uma kwenzeka kuba noshintsho ekuphathweni, ushintsho endaweni yenqubo noma ushintsho ekubunjweni kwamakhemikhali okudingekayo phakathi nesikhathi esithile, konke ukubunjwa okuthelwa ngensimbi encibilikisiwe kuncibilika ngokuqhubekayo phakathi naleso sikhathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isikhathi sifushane kangakanani. isikhathi, sizothathwa njengesampula yenkatho eyodwa. 5.1.5 Uma amanani amakhulu ensimbi encibilikisiwe yezinga elifanayo lincibilika ngokuqhubekayo, isisindo esihlobene sesampula ngayinye akufanele seqe isisindo sokubunjwa okuthelwe phakathi kwamahora ama-2. 5. 1.6 Le nqwaba yensimbi encibilikisiwe ingasetshenziswa njengeqoqo lesampula lapho isisindo sensimbi encibilikisiwe singaphansi kuka-2000 kg. 5.1.7 Njengoba kuvunyelwene yizinhlangothi zombili, amaqoqo amaningana okulingisa nawo angamukelwa eqenjini. Kulokhu, kufanele kube nezinye izindlela zokulawula ikhwalithi enqubweni yokukhiqiza, njengokuhlaziya ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okusheshayo, ukugcinwa kwe-metallographic, ukuhlolwa okungabhubhisi, ukugcinwa kokuphuka, njll., futhi kwafakazela ngempela ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-nodulation akuyona isiphithiphithi, ngokuhambisana ne izidingo zenqubo. Qaphela: Ngokulingisa okufakwe ukushisa, inqwaba yesampula izothathwa ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle uma ukulingisa kunqwaba kuhluke kakhulu ngesakhiwo. Kulokhu, lokhu kulingisa okuhluke kakhulu kuhlanganisa inqwaba yesampula. 5.2 Ukusampula Kokwakheka Kwekhemikhali Iqoqo ngalinye lamasampula kufanele lihlaziywe ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, futhi imiphumela yokuhlaziya izohlangabezana nezimfuneko ezikuThebula 1. Uma ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuhlukile, vumela inani lamasampuli aphindwe kabili ukuze ahlaziywe kabusha kanye, isampula ifaneleka kuphela uma ifaneleka ngokugcwele. 5.3 Isampula likasayizi wokulingisa Usayizi, ijiyomethri kanye nobukhulu bomhlaba bokubunjwa kokuqala kanye nokulingisa okubalulekile kufanele kuhlolwe esiqeshini ngasinye. Indlela yokuhlola indawo izovunyelwa yizinhlangothi zombili. 5.4 Ukuhlolwa kwamasampula ekhwalithi yokubukeka Izinga lokubukeka kwezilingi kufanele lihlolwe ngokubona ingxenye ngayinye. 5.5 Ukusampula nokuhlolwa kwezakhiwo zemishini, i-metalography, ukumelana nokukhula Izakhiwo zomshini zensimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa ezingeni lokushisa elilingana negumbi kufanele zihlolwe ngenqwaba. Izakhiwo zemishini yezinye insimbi esakazwayo ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa ekamelweni lokushisa kanye nesakhiwo se-metallurgical, ukumelana ne-oxidation kanye nokumelana nokukhula kwazo zonke izinhlobo zizohlolwa ngokuvumelana nesisekelo soku-oda. Izici zemishini zokushisa kwegumbi zamukelwa ngokusekelwe emandleni aqinile. Uma ukuhlolwa kokuqina kuyadingeka ngaphambi koku-oda, kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo zeThebula 2. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isithando somlilo noma inombolo yephakheji ye-casting iyafana naleyo yenduku yokuhlola, isithando somlilo noma inombolo yephakheji kufanele imakwe ngokucacile. indawo engabalulekile phakathi kwesampula nokulingisa. 5.6 Ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kokusebenza kwemishini Lapho kuhlolwa amandla okudonsa, uma umphumela wokuhlolwa wesampula eqinile wehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko, futhi ungabangelwa izizathu ezibalwe ku-5.7, ezinye izifanekiso ezimbili ezivela kuqoqo elihlanganisiwe zingathathelwa ukuhlolwa kabusha. Uma imiphumela yokuhlolwa kabusha ihlangabezana nezidingo, okokusebenza kwaleli qoqo lokulingisa kusafaneleka. Uma umphumela wokuhlolwa kabusha usahluleka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo, inqwaba yokulingisa izokwahlulelwa kuqala njengokuhlukaniswa kwezinto. Ngalesi sikhathi, okukodwa kokulingisa kungathathwa eqeqebeni, futhi isampula yomzimba ingasikwa endaweni okuvunyelwene ngayo yizo zombili izinhlangothi zokuhlolwa komshini. Uma imiphumela yokuhlolwa ihlangabezana nezidingo, okulingisayo kusengahlulelwa njengokufanelekile; Uma umphumela wokuhlolwa wesampula yomzimba usahluleka ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko, i-** ekugcineni inquma ukuthi okokusebenza kokusakaza kwale nqwaba kuyi-lattice ehlukanisiwe. 5. 7 Ukuba semthethweni kokuhlolwa Uma imiphumela yokuhlolwa ingahlangabezani nezidingo, hhayi ngenxa yekhwalithi yokulingisa ngokwayo, kodwa ngenxa yesinye sezizathu ezilandelayo, ukuhlolwa akuvumelekile. a) Ukulayishwa okungalungile kwesampula emshinini wokuhlola noma ukusebenza okungalungile komshini wokuhlola. b) Kukhona ukonakala kokufoja ebusweni besampula noma ukusikwa okungafanele kwesampula (njengosayizi wesampula, i-transition fillet, ubuhhadlahhadla abuhlangabezani nezimfuneko, njll.). c) Isifanekiso se-Tensile siyaphuka ngaphandle kwebanga elijwayelekile. d) Kukhona amaphutha abalulekile wokubumba ekuqhekekeni kwesampula esiqinile. Ezimweni ezinjalo, isampula entsha izokwenziwa kusukela kubhulokhi yokuhlola efanayo noma isampula izocutshungulwa kabusha kusukela kunqwaba yeyunifomu yebhulokhi yokuhlola etheliwe ukuze ihlolwe futhi, futhi umphumela wokuhlolwa kabusha uzothatha indawo yomphumela wokuhlola okungavumelekile. 5.8 Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwamabhulokhi okuhlola kanye nokulingwa Ngaphandle uma kunezidingo ezikhethekile, uma ukulingisa kunikezwa njengokulingwa futhi ukusebenza kwemishini kokusakazwa kungahambisani nalesi sikali, umphakeli angakwazi, ngemvume ye-Demander, ukuphatha ukushisa kanye namabhulokhi okuhlola bese uwahlola kabusha. Uma ukulingisa kufakwe ukushisa futhi umsebenzi womshini uhlukene, umphakeli angakwazi ukushisisa kabusha ukulingwa kanye namabhulokhi okuhlola wokulingisa ndawonye. Futhi uhambise futhi ukuze wamukelwe. Uma isifanekiso esicutshungulwe kusukela kubhulokhi yokuhlola ephathwa ngokushisa sifaneleka, inqwaba ibhekwa njengephathwa ngokushisa ngokuphindaphindiwe Ingxenye yokusebenza ihambisana nalesi sikali. Ukwelashwa kokushisa okuphindaphindiwe kokuhlolwa kabusha akufanele kudlule izikhathi ezimbili. Uma kungekho sidingo esicacile endaweni, usayizi (usayizi, ubude, i-convex kanye ne-concave) kanye nendlela yophawu, umphakeli kanye nomphakeli bazovumelana. Nokho, ukumaka akumele konakalise ikhwalithi yokulingisa. Ngemuva kokuthi ama-castings aphumelele ukuhlolwa nokugcinwa, izindlela zokuvimbela ukugqwala, ukupakisha kanye nezindlela zokugcina zizovunyelwa yizinhlangothi zombili. Kukhona igebe elanele phakathi kwamasampula abekwe esithandweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthintana okuhle phakathi komoya esithandweni kanye nendawo eyisampula. Izikulufu zokulinganisa ezimbili zingafakwa kuzo zombili iziphetho zesampula, ubukhulu bazo obuboniswe kuMfanekiso D.2. (Uma zingadingeki izikulufu zokukala, ubuso bokugcina besampula bungagqitshwa nge-chromium noma i-nickel... Isitifiketi somaka nekhwalithi 6. 1 Izikrini kufanele zimakwe umphakeli. 6. 2 Uma kungekho mfuneko ecacile endaweni, usayizi (usayizi, ubude, i-convex kanye ne-concave) kanye nendlela yophawu, izinhlangothi zombili zizovumelana noma kunjalo, ukumaka angeke kulimazi ikhwalithi yokubunjwa 6. 3 Isitifiketi sekhwalithi sophawu lokuhlola lomphakeli kufanele sinanyathiselwe ekukhishweni ngaphambi kokulethwa, futhi okuqukethwe kwesitifiketi kuzofaka lokhu okulandelayo: a) Igama noma uphawu lomphakeli; b) Inombolo yengxenye noma inombolo yenkontileka ye-oda; C) Uphawu lwezinto ezibonakalayo; d) Imiphumela yesondlo; e) Inombolo yesikali. Ukuvimbela ukugqwala, ukupakishwa kanye nokugcina ukugqwala 7.1 Izindlela zokuvimbela ukugqwala, ukupakishwa kanye nezindlela zokulondoloza ukugqwala kuzovunyelwana ngazo zombili izinhlangothi ngemva kokuba ukugqwala sekuhloliwe futhi sekufanelekile. 7.2 Okwama-castings athuthwa amabanga amade, izinhlangothi zombili zizovumelana ngokupakishwa kanye nezindlela zokuhamba ngokuya ngemithetho yezokuthutha. Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuphepha kanye nezidingo zomthetho nezokulawula Zombili izinhlangothi kufanele zihambisane nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuphepha kanye nemithetho kanye nemithethonqubo yamazwe afanele ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, ukwamukelwa, ukugcinwa kanye nokuthutha. Indlela yokuhlola yokumelana nokukhula kwensimbi ekhonjiwe ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukumelana nokukhula kwensimbi esakazwayo ephikisana nokushisa endaweni yokushisa ephezulu yomoya. D.1 Izidingo eziyisisekelo zemishini yokuhlola kanye nezakhiwo uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhula D.1.1 Isithando somlilo esivivinya ukumelana nokukhula sizohlangabezana nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo: a) Kunomshini ozenzakalelayo wokulungisa izinga lokushisa, ukunemba kwawo okungu-5℃; b) Umehluko wezinga lokushisa phakathi kwephoyinti ngalinye endaweni yokusabalalisa isampula esithandweni akumele udlule u-5℃; c) Gcina umoya we-oxidation owanele esithandweni somlilo. D.1.2 Kukhona imvume eyanele phakathi kwamasampula abekwe esithandweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthintana okuhle phakathi komoya osesithandweni kanye nobuso bamasampula. D.1.3 Ngemva kokuba isampula lilayishwe esithandweni, isikhathi lapho izinga lokushisa esithandweni lifinyelela izinga lokushisa elishiwo kuzobhekwa njengesiqalo sokuhlolwa, nesikhathi lapho isikhathi sokuhlola esishiwo sesiphelile futhi isithando somlilo siyeka ukusebenza ( noma ekhipha isampula) kuzothathwa njengokuphela kokuhlolwa. D.2 Ngaphandle kwesampula