izinga eliphezulu levalve yokulawula ukugeleza kwamanzi

UMnu. Waterman ungumqaphi wepaki kazwelonke futhi umbhali we-National Geographic's Atlas of National Parks. UMfula iNoatak ogcwele izikhukhula usesangweni elikude le-Arctic National Park enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Alaska, usunduza isihlenga sethu siye phansi nomfula futhi sipheshulwa nomoya. Umzila wezinyamazane umbozwe ubulembu egqumeni, futhi amafu e-cumulus aqoqana ngaphezu kwesigodi njengesithelo esivuthiwe. . Isigodi sibanzi kangangokuthi ungase uzizwe udidekile uma ungenayo izibonakude kanye nokubonisana nemephu njalo. Ukuze ngigweme ukushayisa osebeni lomfula, kwadingeka ngigqolozele umfula onyakazayo ngamehlo abukhali futhi ngiphakamise isigwedlo ngazo zombili izandla. Njengoba izimvula ezinamandla zisusa umfula osebeni (futhi zabambezela uhambo lwethu lwendiza yasolwandle isuka eBettles, e-Alaska izinsuku ezintathu), yonke indawo yokukhempa yakhukhulwa wudaka futhi yacwiliswa. Sekudlule iminyaka engu-36 ngagcina ukuba umqondisi eMfuleni iNoatak. Kulo nyaka, angizange ngijabulele izinkumbulo ezintantayo ezweni eliyihlane ongalicabanga, kodwa ngethuswa indlela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okushintshe ngayo engangikwazi ngaphambili. Bengikhangwa ihlane impilo yami yonke ukuze ngivuselelwe ngokomoya, ngakho ngakhetha i-Noatak njengohambo oluhamba phambili lwasehlane ukuze ngiluhlanganyele nendodana yami u-Alistair oneminyaka engu-15 kanye nomunye umndeni. Ngizama ukubalekela irekhodi lokushisa eliphezulu nehlathi intuthu yomlilo eColorado. Ngicabanga ukuthi lesi kuzoba isiqephu esihle eFar North. Okwangimangaza ukuthi izinga lokushisa lalisondele ku-90 degrees Fahrenheit izinsuku ezintathu zilandelana. Lezi zimbungulu ziminyene ngokumangalisayo. Safika lapha ngo-August, sinethemba lokuthi isithwathwa esivame ukuqala ngaleyo nyanga sizobulala ifu lomiyane elidume kabi. Kodwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwaqhubeka isikhathi eside. ehlobo futhi kwabambezeleka ukubanda, ngakho sidinga amanetha ekhanda kanye nemithi exosha izinambuzane. Mina no-Alistair sibhukuda kaningi emfuleni ukuze siphole. Lona umsebenzi engingakaze ngiwucabange phakathi nenqwaba yohambo oluya enyakatho ebandayo.Kodwa eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule, i-Alaska ibe nesimo sezulu esifudumele kunawo wonke emlandweni. Kusukela ohambweni lwami lokuqala ngale mithombo ngo-1982, izinga lokushisa lase-Arctic liye lenyuka ngama-degree Fahrenheit amaningana.Ngaleso sikhathi, sasigqokela ubusika ngesonto lokuqala lika-August. lalishisa ngokuphindwe kabili kunesilinganiso somhlaba.Emashumini eminyaka kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le ngxenye ye-Alaska iye yahlaselwa amagagasi okushisa angavamile nemililo yequbula. Lapho isiphepho sihlasela ngo-August 5, izinga lokushisa lehla laba ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-50, futhi lapho sikhukhuleka siphuma eSangweni Le-Arctic futhi singena eNoatak National Reserve, imvula yaphinde yana. amahektare, okwenza kube indawo enkulu kunazo zonke engavinjelwe ezweni, ekhoselisa uhlelo lomfula omkhulu kakhulu ongashintshiwe.Kodwa uma kubhekwa impendulo engavamile yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, isimo esivikelekile sesifunda asibonakali sinenduduzo. Enye yazo ukuncibilika kwe-permafrost, ehlanganisa cishe ingxenye yesine yendawo esenyakatho yezwe. i-deposition iye yanyakazisa futhi yaphusha imiphakathi yasendulo yezitshalo emhlabathini, ngokushesha yayiqhwa ku-permafrost ngaphambi kokuba yonke into ibole. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwenguquko yezimboni, i-permafrost ibiqukethe ikhabhoni eningi kunaleyo ekhishwe abantu. Manje, kuba sengathi isipinashi esiqandisiwe sibekwe phezu kwekhawunta yasekhishini.I-Permafrost isiqalile ukubola futhi ikhiphe ikhabhoni ne-methane emkhathini-enezela emagesini abamba ukushisa akhiqizwa abantu abangele ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwe-tundra ngawo-1980, izinyawo zami zahlala zomile kakhulu; kulokhu, sacwilisa amabhuzu ethu ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi sadabula i-tundra egcwele izinyembezi ze-permafrost.Intaba engenhla ayinalo iqhwa.Iqhwa esangweni laseNorth Pole licishe lanyamalala unyaka wonke.Ngokocwaningo, kwezikwele ezingu-34 amamayela eqhwa elimhlophe elabonakala ngo-1985, kwasala amakhilomitha-skwele angu-4 kuphela ngo-2017. E-Noatak, njengoba amatshe ewa futhi isihlabathi sithela emfuleni, kwakudingeka sishayele izihlenga zethu ogwini oluncibilikisiwe.Izihlungi zethu zamanzi okuphuza ziphindaphindiwe. evalwe nge-shed sediment. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwemifula emincane nemifudlana kule ndawo luthole ukuthi ukuncibilika kwe-permafrost kupholisa amanzi, izazi zebhayoloji ezithi kungase kulimaze ukukhiqizwa kwama-salmon. Lokhu kuye kwabangela ukukhathazeka kwesikhathi eside emiphakathini esemajukujukwini ehlala ezansi nemifula ethembele ku-salmon ukuze iziphilise. Lapho sindiza singena, saphinde sabona idamu elibizwa ngokuthi i-thermokarst ligijima lingena endaweni eluhlaza okotshani.Abangelwa ukuncibilika kweqhwa endaweni encibilikayo yeqhwa.Amachibi nawo akhukhula esuka emgodini, ngoba izindonga ezizungezile ze-tundra zazincibilika njengebhotela. Njengoba isimo sezulu sasibafaneleka ngokwengeziwe, izihlahlana eziwukhuni nazo zathuthela enyakatho ezindaweni ezinotshani obuphansi. Izihlahla zona zidlulisela ukushisa kwelanga okwengeziwe eqhweni nasemhlabeni endaweni eyiqhwa. Ngo-1982, ngathola isidleke esasihlala umkhaya wezimpisi. osebeni oluphakeme lwe-Noatak, elizungezwe izihlahla zom- birch ezifika emadolweni notshani. Namuhla, iningi losebe lomfula limbozwe izihlahla zeminyezane ezifika phezulu. Ngenxa yokuthi izitshalo zinikeza amandla amaningi kanye nendawo yokuhlala ezilwaneni zasendle, lokhu "kuhlaza kwe-Arctic" kushintsha yonke indawo yemvelo.Ukukhangwa yilezi zihlahlana ezinokhuni, ama-moose, ama-beaver kanye nonogwaja beqhwa manje baya enyakatho futhi kubangela izinguquko ezengeziwe.Izihlahla zibuye zinciphise ulele. isembozo, esiwukudla okubalulekile kwezinyamazane ezingaphezu kuka-250 000 ezinqamula indawo, ezinye zazo ezihamba amakhilomitha angu-2 700 ukuya nokubuya endaweni ezizalela kuyo. Nakuba siye salubona lonke ushintsho, sisadakwe ehlane elikude nelingahanjelwa muntu kangangokuthi phakathi nohambo lwamakhilomitha angu-90, lwezinsuku eziyisithupha ukusuka eChibini iPingo ukuya eChibini iKavaculak, sabona Omunye umuntu kuphela. bese sikuphuzela isidlo sakusihlwa ngenkathi sigwema ilanga elishisayo ngaphansi kwesihlenga esisekelwe.Sadla amajikijolo asendle.Ngemva kokuchitha ihora emoyeni oshayela izimpethu egqumeni, sabuka ibhere elibomvu kanye namawundlu alo, singazi ukuthi sikhona, sidlala e-tundra. Konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umalusi welusa amawundlu awo egcekeni lokuzala ehlobo njengoba eseneminyaka eyinkulungwane. kodwa abalokothi basunduzane, imisipha yabo yama-castanet bangempela chofoza Umsindo, izinselo zabo zichofoza etsheni.Lezi zilwane ezimpushana zikhukhuleka ezindleleni zazo zasendulo, njengomusi, zidlula kwelinye lamahlane ethu okugcina amakhulu. Lawa mapaki angamagugu abalulekile entando yeningi yethu futhi athathwa njengesikhumbuzo sezizukulwane ezizayo yiCongress kanye nomongameli bangaphambili.Manje abonisa ikusasa lokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okuye kwashaya i-Arctic ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili emhlabeni opholile. Ngobunye ubusuku ngingakwazi ukulala, ngeqa endodaneni yami eyayisozela, futhi ngaphuma etendeni lethu, ngangena ekukhanyeni okuthambile okukhazimulayo kokushona kwelanga kwaphakathi kwamabili, uthingo lwalugobile njengebhuloho elivela kuNkulunkulu phezu komfula. Ngaleso sikhathi , ngicabanga kuphela ngamadodana ami amabili, nokuthi wona kanye nayo yonke inzalo yethu bayobhekana kanjani nokungaqiniseki kokushisisa komhlaba. UJon Waterman ungumqaphi wepaki kazwelonke kanye nombhali we-National Park Atlas of National Geographic. I-Times izibophezele ekushicileleni izincwadi ezihlukahlukene eziya kumhleli.Sifuna ukuzwa imicabango yakho ngalokhu nanoma yiziphi izihloko zethu.Nawa amathiphu.Le i-imeyili yethu: letters@nytimes.com.