Izidingo eziqondile zokuhlolwa kwe-radiographic ye-valve compression cast steel valve cast iron ukubukeka kwezidingo zekhwalithi

Izidingo eziqondile zokuhlolwa kwe-radiographic ye-valve compression cast steel cast iron valve izimfuneko zekhwalithi yokubukeka kwensimbi Ukulimala kokusakazwa kwefilimu kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezinhlanu: imbobo yomoya, ukufakwa kwesihlabathi ne-slag, imbobo yokushwabana kanye ne-porosity, i-chiller yangaphakathi engaxutshiwe ne-crack. Ama-pores of the defect endaweni yokulungisa i-welding endaweni engalungile angabhekwa njengokuhlolwa kweziphambeko zokuphonsa, kuyilapho i-slag endaweni yokulungisa i-welding ingaqedwa futhi ayihlanganisiwe ingabhekwa njenge-slag ukufakwa kweziphambeko zokuphonsa. . Usayizi wesici ulinganiswa ngosayizi wesithombe esinesici kufilimu. Yebo. Ngomgodi wokushwabana, kuphela ubukhulu bengxenye esobala yesici ngasinye, hhayi usayizi wesithunzi esilufifi esizungezile. Uma amaphutha amabili noma ngaphezulu agqagqene kancane efilimini, ubukhulu bazo kufanele bulinganiswe ngokuhlukana. Ukuxhuma: Izidingo eziqondile zokuhlolwa kwe-radiographic ye-valve compression steel castings (II) 5. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesici kanye nendlela yokuhlola yefilimu ye-radiographic 5.1 Ukuhlukaniswa kwesici nokulinganisa usayizi 5.1.1 Ukulimala kokusakazwa kwefilimu kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezinhlanu: imbobo yomoya, isihlabathi. kanye nokufakwa kwe-slag, imbobo yokuncipha kanye ne-porosity, i-chiller yangaphakathi engaxutshiwe futhi iqhekeke. Ama-pores of the defect endaweni yokulungisa i-welding endaweni engalungile angabhekwa njengokuhlolwa kweziphambeko zokuphonsa, kuyilapho i-slag endaweni yokulungisa i-welding ingaqedwa futhi ayihlanganisiwe ingabhekwa njenge-slag ukufakwa kweziphambeko zokuphonsa. . 5.1.2 Usayizi wesici ulinganiswa ngosayizi wesithombe esinesici kufilimu. Yebo. Ngomgodi wokushwabana, kuphela ubukhulu bengxenye esobala yesici ngasinye, hhayi usayizi wesithunzi esilufifi esizungezile. Uma amaphutha amabili noma ngaphezulu agqagqene kancane efilimini, ubukhulu bazo kufanele bulinganiswe ngokuhlukana. 5.1.3 Uma iphutha lixhunywe kuhlu lokuhlola (inkundla yokubuka) umngcele, kufanele lifakwe ezindaweni zokubala ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhlola. 5.2 Ibanga elingalungile lembobo yomoya, isihlabathi kanye ne-slag 5.2.1 Khetha indawo enenombolo enkulu yezindawo ezinesici efilimini engalungile njengendawo yokuhlola. Ubukhulu bendawo yokuhlola kanye nenani elikhulu elivumelekile lamaphutha kubalulwe kuThebula lesi-6 no-7. Ithebula lesi-6 Ubukhulu bendawo yokuhlola kanye namaphoyinti amakhulu avumelekile ezimbotshana Ithebula 7. Ubukhulu bendawo yokuhlola kanye nezindawo ezinkulu ezivumelekile zesihlabathi. kanye nokufakwa kwe-slag 5.2.2 Inani lamaphuzu okushiyeka okukodwa lizocaciswa kuThebula lesi-8 futhi ngokuya ngosayizi wesici. Kodwa-ke, amaphutha amancane kunalawo ashiwo kuThebula 9 Angeke angabalwa. Ithebula 8 Inani lamaphuzu okukhubazeka ngakunye Ithebula lesi-9 alibali inani leziphambeko uma liqhathaniswa nosayizi omkhulu ovumelekile 5.2.3 Amaphuzu okushiyeka okubili noma ngaphezulu azoba isamba samaphuzu wesici ngasinye endaweni yokuhlola. Ingahlolwa ngokweThebula lesi-6 kanye neThebula lesi-7 ngokulandelana, kodwa ubukhulu bezimbotshana ezinkulu uma kuqhathaniswa, izinsimbi zesihlabathi nezinsimbi zokuhlanza ezivunyelwe ezingeni 1 angeke zeqe lokho ezishiwo kuThebula io kanye neThebula le-11 ngokulandelana. Ithebula 10 Izimbotshana ezinkulu ngokuqhathaniswa osayizi abakhulu abavumeleke ukukhubazeka okuyinhloko Ithebula 11 Ukuqhathanisa ukugoqa kwesihlabathi esikhulu nosayizi wokuhlanza okuvunyelwe ukukhubazeka okuyinhloko 5.3 Ibanga elingalungile lomgodi wokushwabana 5.3.1. Khetha ingxenye enkulu uma kuqhathaniswa yobude noma indawo yesici kokunegethivu ukuze uhlolwe. Ubukhulu bendawo yokuhlola kanye nobukhulu obuvumelekile besici bucaciswe kuThebula 12 noma 13. Ithebula 12 Ubude obukhulu obuvumelekile be-satin uma kunezimbobo zembobo eshwabene emicu Ithebula 13 Indawo enkulu evumelekile yokukhubazeka kwe-dendritic shrinkage 5.3.2 Ukushwabana amaphutha omgodi angahlukaniswa abe i-strip shrinkage cavity, i-dendritic shrinkage cavity kanye nendawo enkulu yokuncipha ngokwezimo zabo. 5.3.3 Ukubalwa kobude besici bomgodi wokushwabana komchilo: imbobo yokushwabana komcu ithatha ubude obukhulu bembobo yokushwabana njengobude besici; Izimbobo zokushwaqa ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ziyisamba sobude bembobo yokuncipha ngayinye njengobude besici. Lapho imbobo yokuncipha isemngceleni wendawo yokuhlola, ingxenye engaphandle komugqa wesici kufanele nayo ifakwe. 5.3.4 Ukubalwa kwendawo enesici ye-dendritic shrinkage cavity: i-dendritic shrinkage cavity iwumkhiqizo wobude obukhudlwana besici kanye nobubanzi obukhulu bomkhiqizo we-orthogonal wendawo enesici somgodi wokushwabana; Imigodi emibili noma ngaphezulu ye-dendritic shrinkage iyisamba sezindawo zomgodi wokuncipha ngamunye njengendawo enesici. Lapho imbobo yokuncipha isemngceleni wendawo yokuhlola, ingxenye engaphandle komugqa wesici kufanele nayo ifakwe. 5.3.5 Uma kukhona kokubili imigodi yokushwabana emise okwe-dendritic futhi emise okwemigqa endaweni yokuhlola, umgodi wokushwabana omise okwemigqa uzothathwa njengendawo yokushwabana kwegatsha ukuze kuhlolwe. Ubude bomgodi wokushwabana okumise okwemigqa buzoba ubude bomgodi wokushwabana okumise okwemigqa, futhi ububanzi bube ingxenye yesithathu yobude. 5.3.6. Isici sokushwabana kwendawo enkulu sibalwa ngomkhiqizo wobude obukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa besici obuphindaphindwa ngobubanzi obukhulu be-orthogonal kuso. 5.3.7 Izinga le-i shrinkage iziphambeko lizohlolwa ngokuhambisana nobude noma indawo yeziphambeko endaweni yokuhlola. Kodwa-ke, imigodi eshwabeneyo emincane kunaleyo eshiwo kuThebula 14 Angeke ibalwe njengamaphutha. 5.3.8 Umgodi wokushwabana komcu kufanele uhlolwe ngokwe-iz ngokwesamba sobude besici ekuhlolweni G; I-dendritic shrinkage cavity yahlolwa ngokweThebula 13 ngokwesamba sendawo enesici endaweni yokuhlola. Ukushwabana kwendawo enkulu kuhlolwa ngokwesamba sendawo enesici endaweni yokuhlola ngokwamanani okubakaki kuThebula 13. Ithebula 14 Ubukhulu obukhulu bokulimala komgodi wokushwabana ngaphandle kokuhlolwa 5.3.9 Umfantu (umfa oshisayo nokuqhekeka okubandayo) , i-inner chiller engaxutshiwe futhi isisekelo sodaka esingahlanganiswanga efilimini ngizohlukaniswa njengebanga lesi-6. 5.4 Izilinganiso eziphelele zokukhubazeka 5.4.1 Endaweni yokuhlola, uma kunezinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zamaphutha ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukuhlukaniswa kuzokwenziwa ngokulandelana kwazo ngokwezinhlobo zeziphambeko, bese ukulinganisa okuphelele kuzokwenziwa ngokwendlela enikezwe ku-5.42 ~ 5.4.4. 5.4.2 Endaweni yokuhlola, uma kukhona ukukhubazeka kwenhlabathi eyodwa noma ezimbili futhi izinga lingelula, ibanga eliphansi lizothathwa njengezilinganiso eziphelele. 5.4.3 Endaweni yokuhlola, uma kunezinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zeziphambeko ezinebanga elifanayo, isilinganiso esiphelele sizoncishiswa ngezinga elilodwa. Esimeni sezinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zokukhubazeka Kwekilasi i, 'ukukhubazeka kuzohlukaniswa njengeSigaba 2 lapho inombolo, ubude noma indawo yesici idlula u-1/2 yenani elivumelekile. Kodwa-ke, iphutha elithathwa njengeleveli 2 ngokweThebula 10 noma iThebula 11, noma iphutha elichazwe njengeleveli 2 ngokweThebula 9 kanye neThebula 14, elingaphezu kobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kweZinga i ngaphandle kobukhulu bokuqhathaniswa besici, ibekwe kuzinga lesi-2 noma ngabe ixubene nokunye ukukhubazeka kweleveli 2. 5.4.4 Uma umbuyekezi ecabanga ukuthi iphutha linezingozi zokuphepha, kungabhekwa njengokungafaneleki. Ukubunjwa kwensimbi kwamavalvu kuzohlolwa isekhondi ngemva kokugqokiswa nokusikwa, futhi kuzohlaziywa ukuthi azikho yini iziphambeko ezihlukahlukene endaweni ngokwezithombe ezishiwo kuleli zinga (bona Isahluko 4). Leli zinga liqoqa izinhlobo zeminyaka yobudala eyi-12 yokukhubazeka (bona 4.1--4.12, uhlobo ngalunye lwesici luhlanganisa amakesi angu-5 amelwe u-A, B, C, D kanye no-E. Zonke izinhlobo zokukhubazeka [uhlobo a} olukhanyayo c}} amagama ezithombeni zokulinganisa ziyi- kuchazwe kuphela ukukhubazeka okungaphezulu Izinhlobo nezici zokukhubazeka okuhlukahlukene kwendawo zichazwe kanje: 1 Ububanzi Leli zinga licacisa izinhlobo nezici zokukhubazeka okungaphezulu kuma-valve, ama-flanges, ukufakwa kwamapayipi nokunye ukucindezelwa kwensimbi ukuhlolwa nokwamukelwa kwekhwalithi engaphezulu yama-valve, ama-flange, amapayipi okufakwayo nokunye ukucindezelwa kwensimbi yokucindezelwa 2. Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi engaphezulu Ukufakwa kwensimbi kufanele kuhlolwe isekhondi ngemva kokulungiswa nokusikwa, futhi amaphutha ebusweni bama-castings kufanele ahlolwe. ihlolwe ngokuya ngezithombe ezicaciswe kuleli zinga (bona Isahluko 4 3. Isilinganiso-ncazo sesithombe 3.1 Leli zinga liqoqa izinhlobo zeminyaka yobudala eyi-12 yokukhubazeka (bona 4.1--4.12), uhlobo ngalunye lokukhubazeka luhlanganisa amakesi angu-5 amelwe ngu-A). , B, C, D kanye no-E, amacala amabili aboniswe ngu-A no-B ayamukeleka (afanelekile), futhi amacala amathathu ka-C, D kanye no-E awamukeleki (awufanelekile). Uma kucatshangelwa izinkinga ezibangelwa ama-wax asebenzisa izinga elifanayo ukunquma usayizi wobubanzi bendawo yokulingisa, izithombe ezingu-60 ezinikezwe kuleli zinga ziyizibonelo zemidwebo yosayizi bangempela yanoma iyiphi indawo engu-4 X 100 mm X 125 mm yokulingisa okucacisiwe. phezulu. 3. 2 Zonke izinhlobo zokukhubazeka ezithombeni zokulinganisa [Thayipha a} ukukhanya c}} amatemu achazwa ukuthi asebenza kuphela kokonakala kwendawo. Izinhlobo nezici zesici sendawo ngayinye zichazwa kanje: a} ukuqhekeka: ukuqhekeka komugqa ebusweni bezinsimbi zensimbi ngenxa yesenzo sokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Ngokuvamile imifantu ebonakalayo ayifaneleki. b) Imbobo yokushwabana: Ngenxa yensimbi}}L-1}}, ekuthelweni nasekusikeni kwesikhuphukeli sensimbi, umumo awujwayelekile ngokwedlulele, udonga lukhuni futhi kunezimbobo zekristalu ezinjenge-dendri. C) Izimbobo zesihlabathi (slag): izimbobo ezinesanti (slag) ezakhiwe ebusweni bensimbi ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwesihlabathi ensimbi encibilikisiwe. d) Izimbotshana: ngenxa yengxube yegesi ensimbi encibilikisiwe, kanye nokwakheka kosayizi abahlukene ebusweni be-skim l ", udonga lwembobo lubushelelezi futhi lunezimbobo ezimise okwepheya, eziyindilinga, ezimise okweqanda noma eziyizinaliti. e (I-Ridged i-projection): I-spike (i-ridge) i-projection yensimbi ebusweni bokubunjwa kwensimbi Umumo wokusabalalisa okungajwayelekile kakhulu, okune-reticular noma okufana nomthambo okubizwa ngokuthi imithambo f) Umsila wegundane: ama-indent angajulile (ngaphansi kuka-5~). kwakheka ama-engeli ashubile ebusweni be-skimmer ngenxa yokukhubazeka noma ukuguqulwa kwendawo yesihlabathi. g) Ukuhlukaniswa okubandayo kanye ne-crease: imifantu engena ngaphakathi noma engangeneki eyakhiwe ebusweni bensimbi yokubunjwa kwamakhona ayindilinga ngenxa yokungapheleli kokuhlanganisa. uhlobo lomdanso. Ku-epidermis ngokuvamile enoxhaxha olujulile lwemifantu ebizwa ngokuthi ama-creases: isibazi esishiywe ukugqokiswa okungafanele ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, ukusika, ukuthululwa nokukhuphuka kwensimbi ubuso bensimbi bufana nesibazi. Ingaphezulu limahhadlahhadla, unqenqema lubukhali, kukhona insimbi yethemba elizwakalayo elincane kanye nomzimba wensimbi oboshwe ozankosi uxhumekile, futhi kukhona ungqimba lwesihlabathi phakathi kwesibazi nokubunjwa. j} Isibazi se-brace: Isibazi esishiywe ebusweni bensimbi ngenxa yokuthi i-core brace noma i-inner chiller yehlulekile ukuncibilika ngokuphelele. k) Isibazi sokushisela: isibazi esishiywe ekulungisweni kokushisela kwensimbi ngenxa yokungalungiswa kahle ngemva kokushisela. l) Indawo eqinile: ingaphezulu lensimbi ayibushelelezi futhi ayilingani. 4 Izilinganiso Izithombe 4. 1 Type a): Crack