Izindlela zokushisela zensimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy embonini ye-valve - Ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe kokusakazwa kwensimbi okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa kwama-valve

Izindlela zokushisela zensimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy embonini yamavalvu - Ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi lensimbi yokusakazwa kwamavalvu Insimbi yamandla, eyaziwa nangokuthi insimbi enamandla amakhulu, inamandla okukhiqiza angekho ngaphansi kuka-1290MPa kanye namandla aqinile angekho ngaphansi kuka-440MPa. Ngokusho kwephoyinti lokukhiqiza kanye nesimo sokwelashwa kokushisa, insimbi yamandla ingahlukaniswa ibe insimbi eshisayo egoqiwe, insimbi ephansi ye-carbon tempered kanye nensimbi ye-carbon tempered steel. Insimbi egoqiwe eshisayo iwuhlobo lwensimbi eqinisiwe yokwelashwa okungashisi, evame ukunikezwa esimweni esishisayo esigoqiwe noma esijwayelekile. Incike kakhulu ekuqinisweni kokuncibilika kwenqwaba, okwandisa inani elihlobene le-pearlite, ukucwenga okusanhlamvu nokuqiniswa kwemvula ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla. Insimbi ene-carbon tempered steel incike ekucimeni, ekushiseni okukhulu kwenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa (ukwelashwa okufuthekayo) ukuze kuqiniswe insimbi yesakhiwo sengxubevange enkulu... Izindlela zokushisela zezinsimbi zesakhiwo se-alloy (1) Ukuhlelwa kwezinsimbi zesakhiwo se-alloy I-alloy structural steel iwuhlobo lwe insimbi enezici ezithile ze-alloying engezwe ngesisekelo se-carbon steel evamile ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zamapheshana omsebenzi ahlukahlukene kanye nezakhiwo. I-alloy structural steels ye-welding ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili ezilandelayo. Insimbi engu-1 yamandla Insimbi yamandla, eyaziwa nangokuthi insimbi enamandla amakhulu, inamandla okukhiqiza angekho ngaphansi kuka-1290MPa namandla aqinile angekho ngaphansi kuka-440MPa. Ngokusho kwephoyinti lokukhiqiza kanye nesimo sokwelashwa kokushisa, insimbi yamandla ingahlukaniswa ibe insimbi eshisayo egoqiwe, insimbi ephansi ye-carbon tempered kanye nensimbi ye-carbon tempered steel. Insimbi egoqiwe eshisayo iwuhlobo lwensimbi eqinisiwe yokwelashwa okungashisi, evame ukunikezwa esimweni esishisayo esigoqiwe noma esijwayelekile. Incike kakhulu ekuqinisweni kokuncibilika kwenqwaba, okwandisa inani elihlobene le-pearlite, ukucwenga okusanhlamvu nokuqiniswa kwemvula ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla. Insimbi ephansi ye-carbon tempered iyinsimbi yesakhiwo esiyingxubevange eqiniswe ngokucisha kanye nenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa okushisa okuphezulu (ukwelashwa okupholile). Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yayo ngokuvamile ku-wc0.25%, futhi inezici zamandla aphezulu, ukuqina okuhle kwepulasitiki, futhi ingashiselwa ngokuqondile esimweni sokufutheka. Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yensimbi ye-carbon tempered steel iphakeme ngo-0.3% kune-wc, futhi amandla okukhiqiza angafinyelela ngaphezu kuka-880MPa. Ngemuva kokucisha nokwelashwa kokushisa, inamandla amakhulu nobulukhuni, kodwa ukuqina okuphansi, ngakho-ke ukushisela akubi. 2. Insimbi ekhethekile Ngokusho kokusetshenziswa kwezimo zemvelo noma izidingo zokusebenza zingahlukaniswa zibe insimbi ephikisana nokushisa kwe-pearlite, insimbi ephansi ye-alloy corrosion resistant steel kanye nensimbi ephansi yokushisa emithathu. Insimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa kwe-Pearlite wc≤5%, i-chromium ne-aluminium esekelwe ku-hypoeutectoid steel. Inamandla amahle okushisa nokuzinza. Iphuzu layo elikhethekile ukuthi isenamandla athile kanye nokumelana ne-oxidation ezingeni lokushisa elifinyelela ku-500 ~ 600℃. Isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukukhiqiza izingxenye ezishisa kakhulu kumishini yamandla ashisayo kanye nemishini ye-petrochemical. Izinsimbi ezimelana nokugqwala kwe-alloy ephansi zihlanganisa izinsimbi ezimelana nokugqwala ezine-aluminium ezithwala ukugqwala ezisetshenziselwa okokusebenza kwe-petrochemical kanye nezinsimbi ezimelana nokugqwala ezine-phosphorus nethusi ezisetshenziselwa amanzi olwandle noma izinsimbi ezimelana nokugqwala komkhathi. Ngaphezu kokwanelisa izici ezibanzi zemishini, lolu hlobo lwensimbi luphinde lube nokungagqwali endaweni ehambisanayo. Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa esimweni esishisayo esigoqiwe noma esijwayelekile, ukwelashwa okungashisi kwensimbi eqinisiwe. Ishidi lensimbi lokushisa eliphansi kufanele lisetshenziswe -40 ~ 196 ℃ imishini yokushisa ephansi kanye nezingxenye zesakhiwo, imfuneko eyinhloko yokuqina kokushisa okuphansi, amandla awaphezulu. Ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe ngensimbi engena-nickel kanye nensimbi ene-nickel, ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa isimo somlilo esijwayelekile noma esijwayelekile, singesokwelashwa okungashisi kwensimbi eqinisiwe. 3. Ukuhlaziywa kokushisela kwensimbi enamandla amakhulu Izinkinga eziyinhloko zokushisela kwensimbi enamandla amakhulu yilezi: i-crystallization crack, i-liquefaction crack, i-cold crack, i-reheat crack kanye noshintsho oluthintekayo ekushintsheni kokusebenza kwendawo (1) Ukuqhekeka kwekristalu Ukuqhekeka kwekristalu ku-weld yakheka ngaphakathi. isikhathi sokuqiniswa kwe-welding sekwephuzile ngenxa yokuthi i-eutectic enephuzu elincibilikayo eliphansi yenza ifilimu ewuketshezi emngceleni wokusanhlamvu bese iqhekeka eduze komngcele wokusanhlamvu ngaphansi kwesenzo sokucindezeleka okuqinile. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kuhlobene nokuqukethwe kokungcola (njengesulfure, i-phosphorus, i-carbon, njll.) ku-weld. Lokhu kungcola kuyizinto ezikhuthaza ukuqhekeka kwekristalu futhi kufanele kulawulwe ngokuqinile. IManganese inomphumela we-desulphurization, ongathuthukisa ukumelana nokuqhekeka kwe-weld. (2) Indawo ethintekile ekushiseni ye-liquefied crack welding I-crack encibilikayo ibangelwa ukuncibilika kwasendaweni kwe-eutectic encibilika kancane eduze komngcele wezinhlamvu zensimbi endaweni yokushisela enezingqimba eziningi ngaphansi kwengcindezi eqinile ngenxa yokushisela okushisayo kwamabhayisikili. I-4 Inqubo ye-Welding yensimbi yamandla aphezulu Inqubo yokufaka i-welding ihlanganisa ukukhethwa kwezindlela ze-welding kanye nezinto zokuthungatha, ukunqunywa kwemininingwane ye-welding, ukwakhiwa kwabasebenzi bokwelapha ukushisa kanye nokwakhiwa komhlangano we-welding kanye nokulandelana kwe-welding. Inqubo yokushisela enengqondo ibaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokunciphisa izindleko. (1) I-hot rolling kanye nenqubo yokushisela yensimbi evamile Ukugoqa okushisayo kwensimbi evamile kunokushisela okuhle, kuphela lapho inqubo yokushisela ingalungile izovela izinkinga zokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela. Insimbi egoqiwe futhi evamile ifaneleka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokushisela, ikakhulukazi ngokusho kobukhulu bezinto ezibonakalayo, isakhiwo somkhiqizo, isikhundla se-weld kanye nezimo ezithile ngaphansi kwesicelo. Ngokuvamile, ukushisela kungenziwa nge-arc welding, i-arc welding, i-carbon dioxide gas shielded welding kanye ne-electroslag welding. Ukuze ugweme i-embrittlement endaweni eshisa kakhulu, okokufaka okuncane kokushisa kufanele kukhethwe. Okokufaka okuncane kokushisa kanye nezinyathelo zokushisa kuqala kungasetshenziswa ukulawula izinga lokushisa le-interlayer ukuvimbela imifantu lapho kushiselwa insimbi enogqinsi olukhulu nezici ze-base metal alloy. Inhloso yokukhetha izinto zokushisela imbili: enye iwukugwema zonke izinhlobo zeziphambeko ku-weld, enye iwukufanisa izakhiwo zemishini yesisekelo sensimbi. Ngenxa yemininingwane ye-weld crystallization, ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali kuvame ukuhluka kulokho kwesisekelo sensimbi. Uma usebenzisa i-electrode arc welding, ungakhetha i-electrode izinga layo lamandla lihambisana nesisekelo sensimbi, okungukuthi, ngokusho kwe-b yensimbi eyisisekelo ongakhetha. Insimbi egoqiwe eshisayo enamandla aphansi okushisela kanye nokuthambekela kokuqhekeka okuncane ingakhetha i-calcium electrode esebenza kahle inqubo noma i-hydrogen electrode ephansi. Ukuze uthole insimbi ephezulu, i-hydrogen electrode ephansi kufanele ikhethwe. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi lensimbi yama-valve Leli zinga lisebenza kuma-valve, ama-flanges nokunye ukukhishwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi esetshenziswa ekushiseni okuphansi ukusuka ku--254 ℃ kuya -29℃. Wonke ama-castings kufanele aphathwe ngokushisa ngokuya ngedizayini kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali wento. Ukuze wenze ukwakheka kwezindonga eziwugqinsi kuhambisane nezakhiwo ezidingekayo zemishini, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukucisha ukukhishwa kwensimbi emzimbeni wekhebula. Ngaphambi kokujwayelekile noma ukucisha, kuvunyelwe ukupholisa ukusakaza ngokuqondile ngaphansi kwebanga lokushisa lokushintsha kwesigaba ngemva kokusakazwa nokuqinisa. Lapho indlela ye-**** yokuphonsa ubuso besici izokhiqiza izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukubunjwa kufanele kushiswe kuqala ukuze okungenani kube izinga lokushisa elincane elishiwo kuThebula 4 ngaphambi kokuqaliswa. Ububanzi Baleli zinga bucacisa izidingo zobuchwepheshe, izindlela zokuhlola, imithetho yokuhlola kanye namamaki okufakwa kwensimbi okunezinga lokushisa eliphansi kwamavalvu (okuzobizwa kamuva ngokuthi "ama-castings"). Leli zinga lisebenza kuma-valve, ama-flange nokunye ukukhishwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi esetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa aphansi ukusuka ku- -254 ℃ kuya ku -29℃. Idokhumenti yesithenjwa Ejwayelekile Imigomo kumadokhumenti alandelayo iba imigomo yaleli Zinga ngokubhekisela kuleli Zinga. Ezicashunweni ezinedethi, zonke izichibiyelo ezilandelayo (ngaphandle kwamaphutha) noma izichibiyelo azisebenzi kuleli Zinga, nokho, abathintekayo ezivumelwaneni ezingaphansi kwaleli Zinga bayakhuthazwa ukuthi bahlole ukusetshenziswa kwezinguqulo zala madokhumenti. Ezithenjwa ezingenasuku, izinguqulo zazo ziyasebenza kuleli zinga. Insimbi ye-GB/T222-2006 yokuhlaziya amakhemikhali - Indlela yesampula yesampula kanye nokuchezuka okuvumelekile kokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali komkhiqizo oqediwe GB/T 223(zonke izingxenye) Izindlela zokuhlaziya amakhemikhali ensimbi, insimbi nama-alloys GB/T 228-2002 Metallic materials -- I-Tensile ukuhlola ezingeni lokushisa legumbi (ISO 6892:1998 (E), MOD) GB/T 229-1994 Indlela yokuhlola umthelela ye-Metal Charpy notch (eqv TSG 148:1983) Ukubekezelelwa kwe-Dimensional kanye nezibonelelo Zomshini Zokusakaza (eqv ISO 8062:1994) GB/ T 9452-2003 Isithando somlilo sokushisa -- ukunqunywa kwendawo yokufudumeza esebenzayo Izingxenye zensimbi ye-carbon carbon ngezinjongo zobunjiniyela ezijwayelekile (neq ISO 3755:1991) GB/T 12224-2005 amavalvu ensimbi Izidingo ezijwayelekile GB/T 12230--2005 ukubunjwa kwensimbi engagqwali amavalvu ajwayelekile -- Ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe Izimiso ezijwayelekile zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokushisela (> GB/T 13927 Ukuhlolwa kwengcindezi yevalvu evamile (GB/T 13927-- ​​1992.neq ISO 5208:1382) GB/T15169-2003 Ukuhlolwa kwamakhono okushisela okuncibilikisa insimbi (ISO /DIS 9606-1:2002) JB/T 6439 Ukucindezelwa kwe-valve kwensimbi Ukuhlolwa kwezinhlayiya kazibuthe Ukuhlolwa kwe-radiographic kwezingxenye zensimbi ezicindezelwayo ze-JB/T 6440 Valve JB/T 6902 insimbi eyi-valve cast - indlela yokuhlola ukungena kwe-liquid JB/T 7927 valve Izidingo zekhwalithi yokubukeka kwensimbi ye-ASTM A3S1/A3S1M I-Austenite ne-austenite yezingxenye zokucindezela. Ukucaciswa kokusakazwa kwensimbi kwe-ferritic (biphase) kwe-ASTM A352/A352M Ukucaciswa Kwensimbi Ye-Ferritic kanye Ne-Martensitic Yezingxenye Ezingaphansi Kokucindezelwa Kwezinga Lokushisa Eliphansi Izidingo Zobuchwepheshe Ibanga lezinto ezibonakalayo nezinga lokushisa lesevisi Ibanga lensiza kanye nezinga lokushisa lesevisi yokulingisa kuboniswa kuThebula 1. Ithebula 1 Ukusakaza Ibanga lempahla kanye nezinga lokushisa lesevisi Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo zemishini Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kokulingisa kufanele kuhambisane nezidingo ezikuThebula 2. Ithebula 2 Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kokulingwa (ingxenye enkulu)