Selokhu “iNgqungquthela Yamanzi Yenhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe I-Ballast Water” yaqala ukusebenza ngoSepthemba 2017, abanikazi bemikhumbi bebelokhu becela inkampani yase-Finnish yokwakha kanye nobunjiniyela basolwandle ukuthi yenze ukuhlola okuzimele kohlelo lwayo lokuguqulwa kwesistimu yokulawulwa kwamanzi e-ballast.
Ezinyangeni ezedlule, amasignesha angeziwe ku-2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Shipso Ballast Water and Sediments. Lokhu akukwazi ukulifihla iqiniso lokuthi lokhu kuvalwe yiNhlangano Yezolwandle Yamazwe Ngamazwe (i-IMO) selokhu yasungulwa. Izifundazwe ezingama-52 ezisayine izinkontileka ne-IMO zeqe kwezingu-30 ezidingekayo, kodwa zibalwa kuphela ku-35.1441% wamathani omhlaba, okudlula kancane umkhawulo wama-35% odingekayo ukuze kuqalise ukusebenza ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ngemuva kokugunyazwa. Kubonakala sengathi “umbhalo” osemthethweni ususeduze, kodwa kusewumsebenzi olula.
Kodwa-ke, ngo-2016, umnikazi womkhumbi washiya lolu daba kuye, ngoba wayekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi ukusebenza okungcono kakhulu kwe-BWMS kwemikhumbi ekhona kudinga izimpendulo zobuchwepheshe ngokushesha.
I-Foreship, inkampani ehamba phambili yezobuciko bemikhumbi yasolwandle kanye nezobunjiniyela basolwandle, muva nje inikeze izincomo ezinemininingwane mayelana nezinketho zokubuyiselwa imali, kanti ucwaningo lokungenzeka luhlanganisa imikhumbi eyodwa. Imiphakathi yokuhlukanisa ihlola izixazululo zobuchwepheshe ezihlukene nobuchwepheshe obufanayo obunikezwa abahlinzeki abahlukene bezinhlobo ezahlukene neminyaka yemikhumbi, futhi ihlola umsebenzi wokufaka wonke, indawo yokufaka, kanye nokulungiswa kwesakhiwo kwesikhashana nokungunaphakade.
U-Olli Somerkallio, owayeyinhloko yomnyango wemishini, wachaza ukuthi nakuba ukukhetha phakathi kwezinhlelo nakanjani kuzoqondiswa izindleko, akulula ukukuqhathanisa.
"Sigxile ezintweni zobuchwepheshe zokufakwa, okusho indawo yemishini, amapayipi kanye nokuhambisana kukagesi," kusho uSomerkallio. "Ukuze uthole imiphumela ephusile, udinga ubuchwepheshe bokwakha imikhumbi, ubunjiniyela basolwandle, nokuziphatha kwemikhumbi."
Izimfuneko zesilinganiso sokugeleza kwamanzi se-cruise ship sectoros ballast water flow ngokuvamile ziba ngaphansi kuka-500m3/h, okuholela abanikazi bemikhumbi ukuthi bakhethe ubuchwepheshe be-BWMS obusekelwe ku-UV, okwenza izinhlobo ezihlaselayo zibe lula esikhundleni sokuzibulala. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kuye kwabikwa kabanzi, i-US Coast Guard ayikakawamukeli amazinga wokuhlola we-UV.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishini ye-UV ayinakwenzeka kumazinga okugeleza amakhulu adingwa isistimu yamanzi e-ballast eyinhloko emikhunjini yezimpahla emikhulu (njengamathangi kawoyela kanye nabathwali benqwaba). Lapha, i-electrochlorination (EC) isibe yisixazululo esithandwayo. I-EC ikhiqiza izibulala-magciwane ezisekelwe ku-chlorine ngokudlulisa umthamo oqondile emanzini ukuze ibangele ukusabela nge-sodium chloride. I-chlorine yamahhala ekhiqizwayo ibulala amabhaktheriya namanye ama-microorganisms emathangeni e-ballast. Esigabeni se-deballasting, okuqukethwe kwe-chlorine kuyalinganiswa futhi i-neutralizer yethulwa njengoba kudingeka.
Abanikazi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi amapayipi angeziwe adingwa yi-BWMS, okokufaka okuhlobene namavalvu, kanye ne-BWMS ngokwayo yonke imithombo yokulahlekelwa kwengcindezi. I-Somerkallio iphakamisa ukuthi imaphi amaphampu e-ballast okufanele abe nokucindezela kwekhanda okwanele ukuwaxazulula. Uthe ikusasa lenza ukuhlaziywa kokulahleka kwengcindezi kube yingxenye yocwaningo lwayo lokuthi kungenzeka yini ngoba kwesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe i-pump impeller noma motor. Uthe: “Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kungase kudingeke ukuthi kushintshwe iphampu yonke.”
USomerkallio uthe kumele kucatshangelwe ngokukhethekile amathangi, ngoba amanzi e-ballast aqhutshelwa umnsalo nangemuva ngasikhathi sinye. Amathangi e-ballast angemuva ngokuvamile agcwele izingxenye ezintathu kwezine ngakho-ke abalulekile ekugelezeni okungavimbekiyo komkhumbi. Lapha, iphampu yesistimu ye-ballast eyinhloko itholakala ekamelweni lepompo likawoyela wezimpahla (indawo eyingozi), ngakho-ke ngeke isetshenziselwe ukupompa amanzi ethangini eliphakeme elingasemuva endaweni ephephile. Iphampu yangemuva ayikwazi ukuxhunywa ngokuqondile ku-BWMS eyinhloko.
Umkhumbi kawoyela ojwayelekile webanga eliphakathi ungase udinge ukuthi ukugeleza okuyinhloko kwesistimu ye-ballast kube ngu-2000 m3/h, futhi ihlukaniswe ngamathangi e-port kanye ne-starboard ballast. Lokhu kungaxazululwa ngama-BWMS amabili anomthamo we-1000m3/h, noma ngokuxhuma amaphampu womabili ku-BWMS eyodwa yohlelo olufanayo lokucubungula. Isidingo somuntu ngamunye samanzi e-ballast aqinile sizosingathwa amaphampu esevisi ejwayelekile axhunywe kuma-BWMS amancane anesilinganiso sokugeleza esingu-250-300m3/h (isibonelo).
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lokungenzeka lwe-Foreship luhlaziye ngokuningiliziwe izisombululo ezimbili ze-EC ezinikezwe abakhiqizi abancintisana nabo: eyodwa isebenzisa i-EC emikhiqizweni evamile; ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-EC yenzeka emfudlaneni oseceleni futhi "izinto zamakhemikhali" zethulwa ithangi le-Ballast.
USomerkallio uthe, empeleni, amasistimu ajwayelekile alula, alula, futhi mancane kunezinhlelo zokugeleza zangemuva, futhi asebenzisa ugesi ongaphansi ngo-25%. Kodwa-ke, wanezela ukuthi izimfanelo ezihlobene nokufakwa, ukusebenza nokuphepha zingathonya isisombululo samanje sokuchema.
“Isibonelo, ngokomkhiqizi, ngenxa yomklamo okhethekile wama-electrode nezinto zokwakha, uhlelo lwayo oluvamile lwe-EC lungasebenza endaweni enosawoti ophansi kakhulu, kodwa alukwazi ukusebenza emanzini anosawoti acishe abe ziro njengeGreat Salt Lake. Imikhawulo enjalo ayizilungele izinhlelo zokudlula; uma usawoti ungaphansi kuka-15 PSU, amanzi olwandle agciniwe angasetshenziswa.”
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezijwayelekile, amasistimu wokugeleza asemaceleni nawo angasebenza emanzini abandayo.
Futhi, ivolumu yesistimu ye-sidestream ingase ibe kabili kuneyohlelo olujwayelekile, futhi isisindo senyuke ngo-60%, kodwa u-Somerkallio wabonisa ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukubuza ukuthi i-BWMS eyengeziwe ithatha indawo. Wachaza ukuthi ukunyakaza okuhamba phambili kwesistimu evamile kudinga i-deckhouse eyengeziwe eyengeziwe yamayunithi amabili e-EC kanye nezihlungi ezimbili, kuyilapho isisombululo esincane se-lateral flow deckhouse siletha izinzuzo ezinkulu kuyunithi ye-EC nezinye izinto ezisizayo. Ukubeka amadigri enkululeko.
Ngokuphathelene nesikhala saphansi, izixazululo ezivamile zingadinga izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zendawo edingekayo ukuze kube nezixazululo zokugeleza ohlangothini, kodwa uma uhlelo olulodwa lokugeleza ohlangothini lusebenza kuwo wonke amaphampu amabili, umehluko cishe awunakwa.
Ngokufanayo, inani lamapayipi adingekayo ukuze kuhlukaniswe inqubo ye-EC edingwa uhlelo oluseceleni liphindwe kabili kunelesistimu evamile. Kodwa-ke, amapayipi amaningi angeziwe mancane ngobubanzi (DN20, DN40).
USomerkallio uthe nakuba engeze ukuphawula okujwayelekile mayelana nokufakwa kwamathangi, lezi ziguquko ziqinisekisa ukucutshungulwa ngokucophelela kwezidingo zemikhumbi ngayinye. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisiphi isisombululo esidingekayo ohlelweni oluyinhloko, ithangi elingemuva lidinga ukuhlelwa okuhlukile. Ungacabanga ukufaka isistimu ehlukile ye-UV noma ye-EC ngemuva, kodwa ungasebenzisa isisombululo se-EC kuwo wonke umkhumbi, ukuze uqinisekise ukuhlukaniswa kwesistimu yepompo yebanga elide phakathi kwesistimu eyinhloko kanye nesistimu yangemuva. Esimeni sakamuva, i-pchemicalsq ekhiqizwe endaweni ephephile izosatshalaliswa ngokuhlukana ohlelweni lwethangi lokugcina oluphakeme.
U-Somerkallio waveza ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo ze-EC zikhiqiza i-hydrogen njengomkhiqizo, wengeza ngokuthi le nketho yokusakaza eceleni iletha nakanjani ubungozi obukhulu: esimweni sokungenwa komoya kahle, ingakhishwa ethangini le-chlorine buffer ngokusebenzisa umoya ophoqelelwe. I-hydrogen yakhubeka i-BWMS.
Okwesithathu, ama-opharetha abeka phambili ukunakekelwa kufanele acabangele ukuthi nakuba amasistimu avamile ngokomgomo ayinkimbinkimbi kancane, okusho izingxenye ezimbalwa, kungase kudingeke ama-BWMS amabili ahlukene: ngokuphelele, inani lezingxenye lizoba ngaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Foreship ithe izinhlelo ezijwayelekile ezizihlolayo zijwayele ukucekelwa phansi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kunamaseva awo ajwayelekile.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, zombili lezi zinhlelo zidinga ukushintshwa okujwayelekile kwesihlungi, kepha ngemuva kwamahora angama-2500, amaphampu ageleza eceleni namafutha adinga ukunakwa. Nakuba umsebenzi omningi ungenziwa izisebenzi, uSomerkallio uthe kusacutshungulwa kabanzi ngokulungiswa kwale ndawo.
Lapho umnikazi womkhumbi ebhekana neqiniso lobuchwepheshe bokuguqulwa, wathi ucwaningo oluningiliziwe lokungenzeka olwenziwa yi-Foreship lubonise ukuthi noma yiziphi izinzuzo ku-BWMS zingase zibe namandla kakhulu emehlweni abantu ababukele.
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NgoJanuwari, ukuthunyelwa kukawoyela wase-US ovela ethekwini elikhulu lase-Louisiana elingasogwini lolwandle kweqa ukuqopha amanani aphezulu ngoba abathengi base-Asia babeqongelela uwoyela ongahluziwe wase-US ukuze kuphinde kuqubuke ubhubhane.
Amakhukhi adingekayo abaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni okuvamile kwewebhusayithi. Lesi sigaba siqukethe kuphela amakhukhi aqinisekisa imisebenzi eyisisekelo nezici zokuphepha zewebhusayithi. Lawa makhukhi awagcini noma yiluphi ulwazi lomuntu siqu.
Noma yimaphi amakhukhi angadingeki ikakhulukazi ekusebenzeni okuvamile kwewebhusayithi. Lawa makhukhi asetshenziswa ngokukhethekile ukuqoqa idatha yomuntu siqu yomsebenzisi ngokuhlaziya, ukukhangisa nokunye okuqukethwe okushunyekiwe, futhi abizwa ngokuthi amakhukhi angadingekile. Kufanele uthole imvume yomsebenzisi ngaphambi kokusebenzisa lawa makhukhi kuwebhusayithi yakho.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-26-2021
