kuhiliʻi kila puʻe honua puʻupuʻu

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka "International Maritime Organization Ballast Water Convention" i ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa 2017, ua kāhea aku nā mea nona ka moku i kahi hui hana moku Finnish a me ka ʻenekinia moana e hana i kahi loiloi kūʻokoʻa o kāna hoʻolālā hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele wai ballast. I nā mahina i hala iho nei, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā pūlima i ka 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia ke hūnā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua pāpā ʻia kēia e ka International Maritime Organization (IMO) mai kona hānau ʻana. ʻO nā mokuʻāina 52 i hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā ʻaelike me ka IMO ua ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 30 i koi ʻia, akā ua helu wale ʻia no 35.1441% o ka tonnage honua, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka paepae 35% i koi ʻia e hoʻomaka i ke komo ʻana i ka ikaika 12 mau mahina ma hope o ka ʻae ʻia. Me he mea lā ua kokoke mai ka "palapala" kānāwai, akā ʻaʻole ia he hana maʻalahi. Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki 2016, haʻalele ka mea nona ka moku iā ia iho, no ka mea, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia ʻo ka hana maikaʻi loa o ka BWMS o nā moku e kū nei e koi koke i nā pane ʻenehana. ʻO Foreship, kahi ʻoihana hoʻolālā moana alakaʻi a me ka hui kūkākūkā ʻenehana moana, ua hāʻawi mai nei i nā manaʻo kikoʻī e pili ana i nā koho retrofit, a ua uhi ʻia ka noiʻi kūpono i nā moku hoʻokahi. Ke loiloi nei nā hui papa i nā ʻenehana like ʻole a me nā ʻenehana like ʻole i hāʻawi ʻia e nā mea hoʻolako like ʻole no nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā makahiki o nā moku, a me ka loiloi ʻana i ka hana hoʻonohonoho holoʻokoʻa, kahi hoʻonohonoho ʻana, a me nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka manawa a mau loa. Ua wehewehe ʻo Olli Somerkallio, ke poʻo mua o ka ʻoihana mīkini, ʻoiai ʻo ke koho ma waena o nā ʻōnaehana e alakaʻi maoli ʻia e ke kumukūʻai, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke hoʻohālikelike. "Ke nānā aku nei mākou i nā ʻano loea o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lumi no nā lako, plumbing a me ka hoʻopili uila," wahi a Somerkallio. "No ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena koʻikoʻi, pono ʻoe i ka ʻike i ka hoʻolālā moana, ka ʻenekinia moana, a me ka hana moku." Ma lalo o 500m3/h ka nui o nā koi ʻana o ke kahe wai ballast o ka moku holo moku, e alakaʻi ana i nā mea nona nā moku e koho i ka ʻenehana BWMS e pili ana i ka UV, kahi e hana ai i nā ʻano invasive "infeasible" ma mua o ka pepehi ʻana iā lākou. Eia naʻe, e like me ka mea i hōʻike nui ʻia, ʻaʻole i ʻae hope ka US Coast Guard i nā kūlana hōʻike UV. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea UV no ka nui o nā kahe kahe e koi ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana wai ballast nui ma nā moku ukana nui (e like me nā pahu aila a me nā mea lawe nui). Maʻaneʻi, ua lilo ka electrochlorination (EC) i ka hopena makemake. Hoʻopuka ʻo EC i nā disinfectants e pili ana i ka chlorine ma ke kahe pololei ʻana i ka wai e hana ai i ka hopena me ka sodium chloride. ʻO ka chlorine manuahi i hana ʻia e pepehi i ka bacteria a me nā microorganism ʻē aʻe i loko o nā pahu ballast. I ka wā deballasting, ana ʻia ka ʻike o ka chlorine a hoʻokomo ʻia kahi neutralizer e like me ka mea e pono ai. Pono nā mea nona ka paipu i koi ʻia e BWMS, nā mea pili a me nā valve, a ʻo BWMS ponoʻī nā kumu o ka nalo puʻe. Manaʻo ʻo Somerkallio ʻo ka pauma ballast pono e lawa ke poʻo e hoʻoponopono iā lākou. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, ʻo ka wā e hiki mai ana e hana i ka nānā ʻana i ka poho puʻe i ʻāpana o kāna noiʻi kūpono no ka mea i kekahi manawa pono e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka impeller pump a i ʻole kaʻa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia: "Ma ka hihia ʻino loa, pono ke pani ʻia ka pauma holoʻokoʻa." Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Somerkallio, pono e hāʻawi ʻia ka noʻonoʻo kūikawā i nā tankers, no ka mea, lawe ʻia ka wai ballast ma ke kakaka a me ka hope i ka manawa like. ʻO nā pahu ballast ma ka hope he ʻekolu hapaha piha a no laila he mea nui i ka holo ʻole o ka moku. Maʻaneʻi, aia ka pauma ʻōnaehana ballast nui i loko o ke keʻena ʻaila ʻaila ukana (kahi pōʻino), no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai i ka pahu pahu hope ma kahi palekana. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopili pololei ʻia ka pauma hope i ka BWMS nui. A typical mid-range aila tanker hiki ke koi i ke kahe nui o ka ballast nenoaiu e 2000 m3/h, a ua maheleia i ke awa a me ka starboard ballast pahu. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia kēia e nā BWMS ʻelua me ka mana o 1000m3/h, a i ʻole ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā pāpaʻi ʻelua i kahi BWMS hoʻokahi o ka ʻōnaehana hana like. E mālama ʻia ke koi pākahi no ka wai ballast hope e nā pamu lawelawe maʻamau e pili ana i ka BWMS liʻiliʻi me ka kahe kahe o 250-300m3/h (no ka laʻana). ʻO kahi noiʻi kūpono Foreship hou i loiloi ʻia i nā kikoʻī ʻelua mau hopena EC i hāʻawi ʻia e nā mea hana hoʻokūkū: ʻae kekahi i ka EC i nā huahana koʻikoʻi; ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, loaʻa ka EC ma ke kahawai ʻaoʻao a hoʻokomo ʻia nā "mea kemika" i ka pahu Ballast. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Somerkallio, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā ʻōnaehana mainstream, ʻoi aku ka māmā, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā ʻōnaehana kahe ʻaoʻao, a hoʻopau ma kahi o 25% emi ka uila. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻohui ʻo ia i nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ka hana a me ka palekana e hiki ke hoʻohuli i kahi hopena o kēia manawa. "No ka laʻana, e like me ka mea hana, ma muli o ka hoʻolālā electrode kūikawā a me nā mea waiwai, hiki i kāna ʻōnaehana EC mainstream ke hana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i loko o ka wai paʻakai ʻole e like me ka Great Salt Lake. ʻAʻole kūpono ia mau palena no ka bypass nā ʻōnaehana; inā haʻahaʻa ka paʻakai ma mua o 15 PSU, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka wai kai mālama ʻia." Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana mainstream, hiki i nā ʻōnaehana kahe lateral ke hana pū i ka wai anuanu. Eia hou, ʻelua paha ka nui o ka ʻōnaehana sidestream ma mua o ka ʻōnaehana mainstream, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kaumaha e 60%, akā ua kuhikuhi ʻo Somerkallio he ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nīnau ʻana i kahi e lawe ai ka BWMS hou i kahi ākea. Ua wehewehe ʻo ia ʻo ka neʻe ʻana i mua o ka ʻōnaehana koʻikoʻi e pono ai i kahi deckhouse ʻoi aku ka nui no nā ʻāpana EC ʻelua a me nā kānana ʻelua, ʻoiai ka hāʻina o ka deckhouse kahe liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e lawe mai i nā pōmaikaʻi nui aʻe i ka ʻāpana EC a me nā mea kōkua ʻē aʻe. Ke kūlana kūlana o ke kūʻokoʻa. Ma ke ʻano o ka papahele papahele, pono paha i ʻelua hapakolu o ka ʻāpana e pono ai no nā ʻaoʻao kahe o ka ʻaoʻao, akā inā hoʻohana ka ʻōnaehana kahe ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, aneane hiki ʻole ke ʻokoʻa. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka nui o nā paipu i koi ʻia no ka hoʻokaʻawale kaʻina hana EC i koi ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana sidestream ʻelua ʻelua o ka ʻōnaehana mainstream. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hapa nui o nā paipu hou (DN20, DN40). Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Somerkallio, ʻoiai ua hoʻohui ʻo ia i kekahi mau manaʻo maʻamau e pili ana i nā hoʻonohonoho tanker, ua hōʻoia kēia mau ʻano i ka nānā pono ʻana i nā pono o kēlā me kēia moku. ʻAʻohe mea e pono ai ka hoʻonā no ka ʻōnaehana nui, pono ka pahu hope i kahi hoʻonohonoho ʻokoʻa. Hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo e hoʻokomo i kahi ʻōnaehana UV a i ʻole EC ʻokoʻa ma ka hope, akā hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka solution EC i loko o ka moku, no laila hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻoia i kahi kaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana pamu mamao ma waena o ka ʻōnaehana nui a me ka ʻōnaehana hope. I ka hihia hope, e hoʻokaʻawale kaʻawale ʻia nā "kemika" i hana ʻia ma ka wahi palekana i ka ʻōnaehana pahu pahu pahu kiʻekiʻe. Ua kuhikuhi ʻo Somerkallio i nā ʻano ʻōnaehana EC a pau e hana i ka hydrogen ma ke ʻano he huahana, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēia koho kahawai ʻaoʻao e lawe mai i nā pilikia nui aʻe: i ka hihia o ka ventila maikaʻi ʻole, hiki ke kiʻi ʻia mai ka pahu chlorine buffer ma o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana. Na ke hydrogen i hoʻokuʻu i ka BWMS. ʻO ke kolu, pono e noʻonoʻo nā mea hoʻohana i ka mālama ʻana, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā ʻōnaehana kumu, ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāpana, pono paha ʻelua BWMS kaʻawale: ʻo ka nui, e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana. Eia kekahi, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Foreship, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā ʻōnaehana koʻikoʻi e loiloi i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka wā ma mua o kāna mau kikowaena. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, pono nā ʻōnaehana ʻelua i ka hoʻololi kānana maʻamau, akā ma hope o nā hola 2500, pono ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao kahe a me nā mea puhi. ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hana e hiki ke hana ʻia e ka poʻe holo moku, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Somerkallio e holomua ana ka loiloi piha o ka mālama ʻana ma kēia wahi. I ka wā i ʻike ai ka mea nona ka moku i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ʻenehana hoʻololi, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻo ka noiʻi kikoʻī hiki i hana ʻia e Foreship ua hōʻike ʻia he ikaika loa nā pono o ka BWMS i nā maka o ka poʻe e kū ana. Reuters, Copenhagen, Pepeluali 10th, Jacob Gronholt-Pedersen (Jacob Gronholt-Pedersen)-ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka noi o nā mea kūʻai aku no nā lako a me nā mea haʻuki ua hoʻomaka i ka piʻi ʻana o ka uku ukana, ua hoʻonui ʻia ... Hōʻike ʻia e Shrivathsa Sridhar (Reuters)- Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ʻo Frenchman Yannick Bestaven ma ke ʻano he lanakila o ka Vendee Globe puni ka honua holo moku i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pule i hala ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka bonus manawa no ... ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka aila ʻaila US no ka rebound post-pandemic. Pono nā kuki e pono ai no ka hana maʻamau o ka pūnaewele. Aia kēia māhele i nā kuki e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i nā hana kumu a me nā hiʻohiʻona palekana o ka pūnaewele. ʻAʻole mālama kēia mau kuki i ka ʻike pilikino. ʻO nā kuki ʻaʻole pono no ka hana maʻamau o ka pūnaewele. Hoʻohana pono ʻia kēia mau kuki e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻikepili pilikino o ka mea hoʻohana ma o ka nānā ʻana, hoʻolaha a me nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia, a ua kapa ʻia nā kuki pono ʻole. Pono ʻoe e ʻae i ka mea hoʻohana ma mua o ka holo ʻana i kēia mau kuki ma kāu pūnaewele.