Ku bumenyi bw'inyenyeri bifuza urutonde mu myaka icumi iri imbere: telesikope ebyiri nini na telesikope yo mu kirere kugira ngo ishakishe ubuzima burenze Isi n'isi ituwe.
Ku wa kane, abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere b'Abanyamerika bahamagariye Amerika gushora imari mu gisekuru gishya cya telesikopi “super-nini” ifite agaciro ka miliyari. Iyi telesikopi izaba nini kuruta telesikopi iyo ari yo yose ku isi cyangwa mu kirere.
Iri shoramari rizakenera agakiza hamwe no guhuza imbaraga zimishinga ibiri irushanwa, aribyo telesikope nini ya Magellan na telesikope ya metero 30. Nibimara kuzura, ibyiyumvo bya telesikopi bifite diametre nkuru ya kondenseri ya metero 25 na metero 30 bizaba byikubye inshuro 100 ugereranije na telesikope ikoreshwa ubu.
Bazafasha abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere kureba intandaro ya galaxy ya kure mubwimbitse, aho umwobo munini wumukara uzerera hamwe ningufu zisohora; gukora iperereza ku mayobera yibintu byijimye nimbaraga zijimye; kandi wige imibumbe ikikije inyenyeri zitari izuba. Ahari icy'ingenzi, barashobora kubyutsa ibibazo bishya kubijyanye na kamere yisi.
Ariko abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere bagerageje gukusanya inkunga ihagije imyaka myinshi kugirango basohoze inzozi zabo. Mu cyifuzo gishya, Ikigo cy’igihugu cy’ubumenyi kizatanga miliyari 1,6 y’amadolari y’Amerika kugira ngo irangize iyi mishinga yombi, hanyuma ifashe kuyikoresha mu rwego rw’umushinga mushya witwa Telesikope nini yo muri Amerika.
Ku wa kane, abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere basabye kandi NASA gutangiza ubutumwa bushya bunini bwo kwitegereza na gahunda yo gukura mu ikoranabuhanga, izateza imbere icyogajuru cyogajuru mu kirere mu myaka 20 kugeza 30 iri imbere. Iya mbere ni telesikopi optique nini kuruta Hubles Umwanya wa Telesikope ya Hubble, ishobora gushakisha no kwiga imibumbe yo ku isi mu isanzure ryegereye-birashoboka ko ishobora guturwa “exo-Earth”. Abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere bavuga ko NASA ari yo yonyine ishobora gukora ibi, bakerekana ko ishobora kuba yiteguye mu 2040 ku giciro cya miliyari 11 z'amadolari y'Amerika.
Ibi byifuzo byombi nibyo binini muri raporo y'impapuro 614 zari zitegerejwe kuva kera "Discovery Pathways in Astronomy and Astrophysics in the 2020s" yatanzwe na National Academy of Science, Academy of Engineering, hamwe nishuri ryubuvuzi kuwa kane.
Mu myaka 70 ishize, buri myaka 10, iryo shuri ryateye inkunga ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’umuryango w’inyenyeri kugira ngo dushyire imbere ibintu binini mu myaka icumi iri imbere. Nkuko twese tubizi, iperereza ryimyaka icumi ryashimishije Kongere, NASA, Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubumenyi, n’ishami ry’ingufu.
Uyu mwaka akazi ni ishami rya Astronomiya na Fiona A. Harrison wo muri Californiya Institute of Technology na Robert C. Astronomie yo muri kaminuza ya Arizona na kaminuza ya Texas A&M. Hakozwe impapuro 860 zera kugira ngo hakorwe ubushakashatsi, zisobanura telesikopi zishoboka, ubutumwa bwo mu kirere bugomba gutangizwa, ubushakashatsi cyangwa ubushakashatsi bugomba gukorwa, hamwe n’ibibazo bitandukanye umuryango w’inyenyeri ugomba gukemura.
Mu kiganiro Dr. Harrison yavuze ko komite yabo yagerageje gushyira mu gaciro hagati yo kwifuza n’igihe n’amafaranga asabwa muri iyi mishinga. Kurugero, ibitekerezo byinshi byerekeye icyogajuru cyo gushakisha icyogajuru cyatanzwe. Bimwe ni binini cyane, bimwe ni bito cyane; bamwe bafata ikinyejana kugirango bakore. Ikipe ntiyahisemo imwe muri zo, ariko yasabye abaturage na NASA kuzana igitekerezo cya telesikope yo mu kirere ya metero 6. (Indorerwamo y'ibanze ya Hubbleos ni metero 2,4 z'umurambararo.)
Yongeyeho ati: "Ubu ni ubushakashatsi bukomeye." Ati: “Gusa NASA na Amerika yonyine ni yo ishobora kubikora. Turizera ko dushobora kubikora. ”
Umuyobozi w’ishyirahamwe ry’ubushakashatsi bw’ubumenyi bw’ikirere muri kaminuza (AURA), Matt Mountain, uyobora ikigo ngenzuramikorere cya National Science Foundation, yavuze ko raporo y’imyaka icumi ari “ubutwari cyane” kuri imeri. Ati: "Kandi ntibigeze banga kuvuga icyerekezo mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, mu byukuri ni cyo gikeneye kandi kigomba gufata."
Ubushakashatsi bwimyaka icumi bufite amateka meza. Hubles Umwanya wa Telesikope na James Webb Umwanya wa Telesikope wa James Webb, washyizwe ahagaragara mu 1990 kandi ukaba ukomeje gutegurwa kugira ngo ubone igihe cyatangiye, bikaba biteganijwe ko uzashyira ahagaragara ukwezi gutaha-bungukiye ku rutonde rwo hejuru mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu myaka icumi ishize. .
Kubwibyo, inyenyeri n’inyenyeri zitegerezanyije amatsiko ibisubizo bya buri perereza rishya. Muri email ye, Natalie Batalha, umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Californiya, Santa Cruz, yagize ati: "Komite yamye ibanga cyane." Yari kuri NASAos Kepler Planet. Yagize uruhare runini mubikorwa byo gushakisha. “Mvugishije ukuri, nta kintu numvise. Sinshobora gutegereza. ”
Muri raporo yayo yo ku wa kane, ishuri rikuru ryerekanye intego eshatu za siyansi muri rusange mu myaka icumi iri imbere: gushakisha imibumbe ishobora kubaho; ubushakashatsi bwibyobo byirabura ninyenyeri za neutron, aribyo bitera ibintu byubugizi bwa nabi bukabije muri kamere; n'iterambere rya galaxy. Gukura no kwihindagurika.
Raporo igira iti: “Mu myaka mike iri imbere bizashyira abantu mu nzira yo kumenya niba twenyine.” "Ubuzima ku Isi bushobora kuba ibisubizo byuburyo bumwe, cyangwa birashobora gusaba urukurikirane rwibidukikije bidasanzwe ko turi ibiremwa byonyine muri galaxy ndetse no mwisi yose. Igisubizo icyo ari cyo cyose ni cyimbitse. ”
Igitekerezo cyumushinga wa Telesikope Nini cyane ni kinini kuko kirimo kuvanga imishinga ibiri ya telesikope irushanwa, aribyo telesikope ya metero 30 iteganijwe hejuru ya Mauna Kea muri Hawaii cyangwa mu birwa bya Canary muri Espagne, hamwe na telesikope nini ya Magellan ikomeje. Muri Chili.
Telesikopi zombi ni ubufatanye mpuzamahanga n’umusaruro winzozi zo gukusanya inkunga no gushaka abafatanyabikorwa mu myaka icumi ishize. Ingano yiyi telesikopi yombi yikubye inshuro eshatu zose za telesikope ku isi, kandi ubushobozi bwo kumenya inyenyeri zidakomeye kandi ziri kure mu isanzure zikubye inshuro 100 ubunini bwayo. Mugukorera hamwe, barashobora gukemura ibibazo byimbitse kubyerekeye isanzure. Ariko nta mushinga wakusanyije amafaranga ahagije arenga miliyari 2 z'amadolari akenewe kugirango ugere ku ntego zayo.
Niba izo telesikopi zidashobora kubakwa, Uburayi buzaha ubuyobozi bwabwo mu bumenyi bw’ikirere ku isi mu Burayi, bubaka telesikope ya metero 39 mu butayu bwa Chilios Atacama-Telesikopi nini cyane yo mu Burayi-biteganijwe ko izatangira gukora mu 2027. Bamwe mu bahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere bagereranije iseswa ry'umushinga wa Supercollider wo muri Amerika wo mu 1993, washinze ejo hazaza h’ibinyabuzima bya CERN na Large Hadron Collider i Geneve.
Niba National Science Foundation ishora imari mu kurangiza izo telesikope ebyiri, izabona igihe kinini cyo kwitegereza, izahabwa abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere bo muri Amerika.
Muganga Harrison yagize ati: “Izi telesikope ebyiri ziri mu gice gitandukanye kandi gifite ibishushanyo bitandukanye. Birakwiriye cyane ku nyigisho zuzuzanya ku isanzure ry'ikirere. ” Ati: “Ntibishoboka gutekereza ko Amerika itazashobora kuyibona.”
Ibibazo bikomeye biradutegereje. Ikipe nini ya Magellan yavunitse muri Chili, ariko iterambere rya telesikope ya metero 30 ryabujijwe n’imyigaragambyo no kuzitirwa n’abasangwabutaka ba Hawaii n'andi matsinda. Ahandi hantu hashyizweho La Palma, Ibirwa bya Canary.
Urebye muri iki gihe ibikorwa remezo n’ingengo y’imari igenda yiyongera, abahanga mu bumenyi bw’inyenyeri bizeye ko inyenyeri zizahuza n’icyerekezo cyazo gitinyutse. Ariko bahangayikishijwe namateka yikirenga. Ikigaragara cyane ni James Webb Umwanya wa Telesikope. Nyuma yimyaka yatinze, telesikope amaherezo izashyirwa ahagaragara mukuboza igiciro cyanyuma cya miliyari 10 USD.
Michael Turner, inzobere mu by'ikirere akaba n'umukambwe w'imyaka icumi ukora ubushakashatsi kuri ubu ukora muri Fondasiyo ya Kavli i Los Angeles, yagize ati: "Ibi byose byuzuye muri JWST-gahunda yose izaba ishingiye ku ntsinzi yayo." “Urutoki rwambutse.”
Ntuzigere ubura ubwirakabiri bw'izuba, imvura ya meteor, ibisasu bya roketi cyangwa ikindi kintu icyo ari cyo cyose cyo mu kirere no mu kirere kirenze iyi si.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-15-2021
