Hariho uburyo bwinshi butandukanye bwa masike no gutwikira. Ariko bose ni bamwe mukurinda ikwirakwizwa rya Covid-19 coronavirus? Ku ishusho, Ashley Haas (ibumoso), Ashley Haas na Heather Aboff bagaragara i SoHo, Umujyi wa New York bambaye imyenda yabo. (Ifoto ya Gotham / GC)
Nubwo kubwimpamvu zitandukanye, abantu barashobora kurangiza kubambara mumaso icyarimwe. Byombi birashobora kugira ubwoko bwinshi nibishushanyo. Ntabwo abantu bose baremwe kimwe. Bimwe (mask, ntabwo pizza) nibyiza muguhagarika ibitonyanga bishobora gutemba mumazuru numunwa kuruta ibindi. Mubyukuri, ukurikije ubushakashatsi buherutse gusohoka mu kinyamakuru Science Advances, mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, masike zimwe na zimwe zituma ibintu birushaho kuba bibi, bigatuma ibitonyanga byinshi bisohoka mu kirere.
Nibyo, wabyumvise neza. Kwambara masike birashobora kuba bibi kuruta ubusa. Thatos siko bimeze ku ndirimbo zanditswe na Alison Krauss, none nigute mask ishobora kuba mbi kuruta kwambara ikindi uretse kumwenyura kumaso? Iyo ukorora, kuniha, kuvuga, kuririmba, guhumeka, no kuvuga ngo "Oh Pizza", mask ntikwiye guhagarika ibintu byose biva mumunwa no mumazuru? Mask ntigomba gufasha guhagarika izuru n'umunwa byanduye gukwirakwiza Covid-19 coronavirus kubandi?
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, itsinda ryaturutse muri kaminuza ya Duke (Emma P. Fischer, Martin C. Fischer, David Grass, Isaac Henrion, Warren S. Warren, na Eric Westman) bakoze “amacandwe hasi” aho abantu bamwe bavugana n'agasanduku. . “Ishusho. Ubushakashatsi bwakoresheje urumuri ruteye ubwoba rwo gukora ibi. Urumuri rwa lazeri rwabyaye urumuri imbere yumwobo uri mu gasanduku kirabura. Kubwibyo, mubyukuri, igeragezwa ntabwo ari agasanduku kirabura gusa.
Ubukurikira, itsinda ry’ubushakashatsi ryasabye umuntu gushyira umunwa mu mwobo agasubiramo imvugo ngo “komeza ubuzima, abantu” inshuro eshanu. Kubwibyo, ikintu cyose gisohoka mumunwa wumuntu, cyaba igitonyanga gito cyangwa agace kimbwa ishyushye, bizahita bikubita urupapuro rwumucyo, bituma urumuri rutatana. Muyandi magambo, ibitonyanga cyangwa ibice byose bizanyanyagiza urupapuro. Kamera ya terefone yafashe iyi mbonerahamwe, izafasha umushakashatsi kugereranya icyaciwe mu kanwa ka muntu.
Umuntu yasubiyemo iyi nzira inshuro nyinshi, ubanza nta mask, hanyuma yambara ubwoko 14 butandukanye. Uyu muntu ntiyigeze yambara masike 14 icyarimwe, bisa nkibisekeje. Ahubwo, uyu muntu agerageza umwe umwe. Itsinda ry’ubushakashatsi ryashyizeho imbonerahamwe yerekana umubare ugereranije, aho 1.0 igereranya umubare wibitonyanga bikubita urupapuro rwigitanda mugihe umuntu atambaye mask, naho 0.0 byerekana uko bigenda iyo hakoreshejwe mask nziza. Na none, wibuke ko iyi ari verisiyo ya buri bwoko 14 butandukanye bwa masike umuntu umwe yagerageje.
N95 masike hanze ya New York University Langone Ibitaro byubuzima mugihe cyorezo cya coronavirus. … [+] (Ifoto ya Noam Calais / Amashusho ya Getty)
Ntagushidikanya ko mask nziza cyane biragaragara ko mask ya N95 idafite valve ihumeka. N'ubundi kandi, iyi ni yo myenda abakozi b'ubuvuzi bagomba kwambara, ukeka ko ibigo nderabuzima bitanga uburinzi buhagije. Izi masike zagenewe gukumira ibitonyanga na virusi gutembera cyangwa gutembera mu cyerekezo icyo ari cyo cyose, no kurinda uwambaye n'abandi bose. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe niyi mask bifata impapuro hamwe, hamwe ningingo nke zitatanye zanditswe. Mubyukuri, mask nkiyi ntabwo itunganye. Nyamara, bakora nkibisanzwe kuri ubu bushakashatsi, kandi ugereranije umubare wibitonyanga ni zeru.
Maskike yo kubaga, kimwe na masike yambarwa n'abakozi b'ubuvuzi muri Hong Kong, mu Bushinwa, yarangirijwe mu kizamini… [+] Umwanya wa kabiri. (Qin Louyue / Ifoto ya Serivisi ishinzwe Ubushinwa, Amashusho ya Getty)
Umukinnyi wumwanya wa kabiri ntabwo bitangaje. Ugereranije na mask ya N95, ugereranije igitonyanga cyibara ryibice bitatu byo kubaga mask yo kubaga ifite impinduka nini, kuva kuri 0 kugeza 0.1. Iyi masike nayo ni urwego rwubuvuzi kandi irashobora gukora nkumuteramakofe (imyenda y'imbere aho kuba Mike Tyson). Barashobora guhisha ibintu byinshi imbere, ariko burigihe burigihe bazareka ibintu bimwe bikanyerera hanze.
Urutonde rwa gatatu nuwa kane ni masipi ya polypropilene: ipamba-polypropilene-ipamba ya pamba hamwe na masike ya polipropilene 2. Umubare wabo ugereranije ni 0.1, urenze gato ugereranije na masike yo kubaga.
Uwa gatanu kugeza ku wa cumi na rimwe yarangije harimo enye zitandukanye zitandukanye zipamba zipanze hamwe na mask imwe imwe. Ibi bigwa mubigereranyo bigabanuka kubara zeru kugeza 0.4. Batumye rero impapuro zimwe zigenda.
Ubwoko bwa karindwi nubundi mask ya N95: mask hamwe na valve yo guhumeka. Iyi nyandiko igereranije igabanuka kuva kuri 0.1 kugeza 0.2. Mugihe ukoresheje mask ya N95, banza urebe niba ifite valve ihumeka irenga akayunguruzo. Mask ya N95 hamwe niyi valve ni gato nkizo nzira imwe yo kureba. Itanga gusa uburinzi bwuzuye muburyo bumwe. Nubwo mask ishobora kukurinda, amaherezo ushobora kwigaragariza abandi. Reka mbisubiremo. Urashobora kureka abandi bantu bagakora ikintu cyose gishobora kuva mumunwa no mumazuru.
Iyi valve ituma umwuka unyura muri mask kuva kumunwa wuwambaye nizuru bitanyuze muyungurura. Nubwo ibi bishobora koroshya guhumeka, icyarimwe, birashobora kandi kwemerera virusi kwinjira kurundi ruhande. Niba intego yonyine ya mask ari ukurinda ingaruka zishobora kuba mu kirere, noneho iyi valve yo guhumeka irashobora kuba nziza. Urugero rumwe ni ugukoresha ibikoresho byubaka mukubaka urusengero rwa Justin Bieber. Ariko mask nkiyi ntizarinda abandi imvune yawe nka mask ya N95 idafite valve ihumeka. Niyo mpamvu abakozi b'ubuvuzi badakunda gukoresha masike ya N95 hamwe na valve yo guhumeka.
Umwanya wa cyenda nigice kimwe cya Maxima AT mask hamwe nimpuzandengo ugereranije igabanuka rya 0.2, kandi intera yayo ntabwo iri hejuru ya 0.3.
Umwanya wa 12 ni mask yububoshyi. Ntabwo bitangaje, intera yiyi mask ni nini cyane, kuva kuri 0.1 kugeza kugereranya ugereranije munsi ya 0.6. Masike ziboheye akenshi zisa na disikuru ya politike kandi yuzuye inenge. Umwobo urashobora kureka ibintu byinshi bikanyura kurundi ruhande.
Noneho hariho masike abiri, mubyukuri birashobora kuba bibi kuruta kutambara mask na gato. Ku mwanya wa 13, bandana iri hagati ya 0.2 kugeza 1.2. Ibi byerekana ko, mubihe bimwe na bimwe, gushira Axl Rose kumazuru no kumunwa bishobora kwemerera ibitonyanga byinshi kunyuramo kuruta izuru n'umunwa byambaye ubusa. ibyo bishoboka bite? Nigute igitambaro kinini gishobora kubyara ibitonyanga byinshi? Nibyiza, igisubizo nukugabanya ukuri.
Ukurikije gahunda, ubwubatsi, hamwe nu mwanya uhagaze, igitambaro gishobora rwose guca ibitonyanga binini mubitonyanga byinshi kandi bito. Tekereza igihe uheruka kugerageza gusunika igice cya Parmesan ukoresheje idirishya rya ecran (kuko ninde utabigerageje). Ibitonyanga bito birutwa nibitonyanga binini kuko bishobora kureremba mu kirere igihe kirekire kandi bishobora kunyura mu myanya y'ubuhumekero y'abantu byoroshye.
Uheruka kurangiza yasobanuye impamvu ushobora kuba udashaka guhunga mugihe uguze mask. Mask yubwoya iri ku mwanya wa 14 kurutonde, ndetse ikaba mbi kuruta kwambara ubusa. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko ushobora gukomeza guteza umuyaga mwinshi mugihe wambaye mask yubwoya. Impuzandengo ugereranije igabanuka ni 1.1. Ibi bivuze ko, ugereranije, abantu bambaye maska yubwoya batanga ibitonyanga byinshi kuruta igihe amazuru numunwa byerekanwe byuzuye. Ibi ntibishobora byanze bikunze gukoreshwa mubitambaro byose. Nubwo bimeze bityo, nkuko banda ishobora gukora mubihe bimwe, iyi mask yubwoya ihindura ibibazo bikomeye mubibazo bito. Ibi ntabwo ari byiza.
Birumvikana ko ubu bushakashatsi buri kure cyane kandi bufite aho bugarukira. Ntabwo yagerageje verisiyo zose zishoboka za masike zitandukanye nuburyo zambarwa. Kurugero, ntabwo masike ya N95 yose hamwe na valve yo guhumeka hamwe na mask cyangwa ubudodo bwubwoya ntabwo byanze bikunze ari bimwe. Igitabo nticyatanze ibisobanuro birambuye kuri buri mask nuburyo bwo kwambara buri mask. Kandi, ninde uzi ibizaba, amasura atandukanye nuburyo bwo kuvuga kwambara masike.
Byongeye kandi, gutera ibitonyanga ntibisobanura byanze bikunze ko utera virusi. Buri gitonyanga ntigishobora kuba gihagije kwanduza abandi bantu Syndrome Ikomeye Yubuhumekero Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). Nibyo, "Umuntu wese, gumana ubuzima bwiza" ntabwo aricyo kintu cyonyine ubwira abandi bantu. Kurugero, byagenda bite uramutse uvuze ikintu nka "uku niko bimeze"? Nyamuneka, nyamuneka kwambara mask yuzuye umunyu kugirango ubone ibisubizo byubushakashatsi.
Nubwo bimeze bityo, ibyo byose byibutsa abantu ko inama zubuzima rusange zifite aho zihurira nibisobanuro bifitanye isano. Ntabwo bihagije gupfuka mu maso. Gupfuka mu maso hawe ibyuya, shokora, isosi ya pizza, cyangwa isoni ntibihagije. Gukoresha mask iyo ari yo yose ntabwo bizakora. Kurugero, ntukambare masike ya Lone Ranger cyangwa masike itabuza rwose gutembera kwibintu biva mumazuru numunwa bigaragara kuri Costco. Nubwo usa nkaho utwikiriye izuru n'umunwa, ntushobora kurinda abandi bihagije. Kubwibyo, witonde mugihe ugura masike. Hitamo mask. Erega burya, ntushobora kuvuga ngo, "Mpa pizza, ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bwa pizza," urabikora?
Ndi umwanditsi, umunyamakuru, umwarimu, moderi ya sisitemu, impuguke mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bwa mudasobwa, urya avoka, na rwiyemezamirimo, ariko ntabwo buri gihe biri kuri gahunda. Ubu, ndi
Ndi umwanditsi, umunyamakuru, umwarimu, moderi ya sisitemu, impuguke mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bwa mudasobwa, urya avoka, na rwiyemezamirimo, ariko ntabwo buri gihe biri kuri gahunda. Kugeza ubu, ndi umwarimu wa politiki y’ubuzima n’imicungire y’ishuri ry’ubuzima rusange rya kaminuza y’Umujyi wa New York (CUNY), umuyobozi mukuru wa PHICOR (@PHICORteam), umwarimu mu ishuri ry’ubucuruzi rya Johns Hopkins Carey, na washinze Symsilico akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru. Mu myanya yanjye ya mbere harimo kuba umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo gishinzwe gukumira umubyibuho ukabije (GOPC) muri kaminuza ya Johns Hopkins, umwarimu wungirije w’ubuzima mpuzamahanga mu ishuri ry’ubuzima rusange rya Johns Hopkins Bloomberg, Umwarimu wungirije w’ubuvuzi n’ubumenyi bw’ibinyabuzima muri kaminuza ya Pittsburgh, Quintiles Transnational Umuyobozi mukuru wa Montgomery Securities, akora ubushakashatsi bwuburinganire bwibinyabuzima, kandi yashinze isosiyete ikora ibijyanye n’ibinyabuzima / bioinformatics. Akazi kanjye karimo guteza imbere uburyo bwo kubara, icyitegererezo, nibikoresho bifasha abafata ibyemezo byubuzima n’ubuzima ku migabane yose (usibye Antaragitika), kandi nakiriye abaterankunga batandukanye nka Fondasiyo ya Bill na Melinda Gates, NIH, AHRQ, nibindi. Inkunga, CDC , UNICEF, USAID n'Ikigega Cyisi. Nanditse ibitabo birenga 200 bya siyansi n'ibitabo bitatu. Nkurikira kuri Twitter (@bruce_y_lee), ariko ntumbaze niba nzi ubuhanga bwo kurwana.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-22-2021
