Kuva COVID-19 yatangira, iki kibazo gisa nkicyoroshye cyateje ubwumvikane buke hagati yinzobere nigihugu: Ese abaturage batarwaye bagomba gukoresha masike kugirango bagabanye ikwirakwizwa ryindwara?
Mu mezi, CDC yashimangiye ko abantu bonyine bakeneye kwambara mask ari abarwayi cyangwa bavurwa na mask. Iki gitekerezo gikomoka ku gitekerezo cy'uko masike y'ibanze y'ubuvuzi ntacyo akora kugira ngo arinde uwambaye, ariko cyane cyane abuza abarwayi gutera ibitonyanga byanduye mu mazuru no mu kanwa. Byongeye kandi, hakenewe gushyira imbere itangwa ryibikoresho bike kubakozi bo mubuvuzi. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryarabyemeye.
Ariko ibihugu bimwe byafashe ingamba zitandukanye, byerekana ko masike igomba gukoreshwa nubwo abantu baba kure yurugo mubihe bimwe. Abahanga benshi batangiye no kuvuga ko politiki yagutse ya mask ishobora kuba igitekerezo cyiza.
Nyuma y’iminsi myinshi ivugwaho rumwe, Perezida Donald Trump yatangaje ku ya 3 Mata ko CDC yasabye ko abantu bakoresha masike yo mu maso ahantu huzuye abantu, kabone niyo yashimangira ko iki cyemezo ari ubushake kandi akavuga ko atazakurikiza.
Yavuze ati: “Rero, kwambara mask bizaba mu bushake.” "Ushobora kubikora. Ntugomba gukora ibi. Nahisemo kutabikora. ”
Ikigo cyatanze amakuru mashya avuga ko "umubare munini" w'abantu banduye coronavirus nshya bashobora gukwirakwiza virusi ku bandi nubwo nta bimenyetso bafite. Ikigo cyavuguruye icyifuzo maze kigira kiti: “Igihe cyose umuntu agomba kugenda, Umuntu wese agomba kwambara igitambaro cyo mu maso. Injira ahantu rusange. ”
Urubuga rwa CDC ruvuguruwe ruvuga ngo: Gupfuka mu maso imyenda ntabwo ari ukurinda uwambaye, ahubwo ni ukurinda virusi kwanduza uwambaye kugeza ku bandi.q pIbi ni ngombwa cyane cyane niba umuntu yanduye ariko nta bimenyetso afite.q
Nubwo muri Amerika, icyerekezo cyahindutse byinshi, impuguke zimwe zifite icyo zanga kuri iyi politiki. Hano hari ubushakashatsi buke cyane kubitambaro by'imyenda, kandi nta bimenyetso bifatika bibaho byerekana ko abantu basaba imiti yo kwa muganga. Niba abantu batambaye igifuniko neza, cyangwa niba baribeshye kubwumutekano muke, aya mabwiriza arashobora kandi gukaza ikibazo cyo kubura masike yubuvuzi cyangwa gusubira inyuma.
Muri icyo gihe, abandi bahanga bagaragaje ko ubushakashatsi bwa laboratoire bwerekanye ko gukoresha masike, ndetse na pdo itabigaragaza neza, bishobora kuba byiza. Kandi gukoresha masike birashobora kubuza abantu gukoraho mumaso no gufasha kwerekana ubukana bwicyorezo.
Tuzasubiramo bimwe mubushakashatsi nibitekerezo inyuma ya masike tunasobanura impamvu ibitekerezo bitandukanye. Ariko ubanza, ni ngombwa kumenya ko nubwo impaka, kubibazo byingenzi, impuguke nyinshi zemeranya:
Ukurikije igishushanyo mbonera, masike irashobora kugabanya ikwirakwizwa ryindwara zanduye mubyo bita kugenzura isoko, kandi / cyangwa birashobora kurinda abambara kwandura.
Ku bijyanye na COVID-19, ikwirakwizwa rya virusi ahanini rinyura mu bitonyanga by'ubuhumekero. Iyo umuntu wanduye akorora cyangwa asunitse, ibitonyanga byubuhumekero bizagwa kumunwa cyangwa izuru ryabandi. Ibitonyanga birashobora kandi kwanduza ubuso abandi bantu bakoraho mbere yo gukoraho mumaso.
Hano, masike yibanze yo kubaga-yuzuye ya masike-arashobora gufasha, kuko niba umuntu urwaye yambaye mask, ibitonyanga byanduye bishobora kugwa mumasike. Abaganga n'abaforomo bambaye masike nabo barashobora kurindwa kuko bashobora gukorora cyangwa kwitsamura.
Abashakashatsi kandi bakeka ko coronavirus nshya SARS-CoV-2 ishobora kuguma mu kirere nk'ibitonyanga bito cyane bita aerosole kandi bishobora guhumeka n'abantu bari hafi. Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru cyitwa New England Journal of Medicine ku ya 17 Werurwe bwavuze ko kwanduza aerosol “byari bifite ishingiro.” Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe, byagaragaye ko virusi “ikomeza kuba muzima” muri aerosole yakozwe na mashini mu gihe cyamasaha atatu. Nubwo kimwe cya kabiri cyabo kitandura nyuma yisaha imwe. Ntibiramenyekana neza uburyo ubwo buryo bugira uruhare mu ikwirakwizwa rya virusi, kandi uku gukwirakwizwa ntigushobora gukwirakwiza virusi mu ntera ndende, ariko abahanga mu bya siyansi bagenda bemera ko iyi virusi izabaho ku rugero runaka.
Margaret Sietsema, umwarimu w’ubuzima bw’akazi muri kaminuza ya Illinois i Chicago, yagize ati: pI ndizera ko inzira zose zanduza zishobora kugira uruhare hano, bivuze ko indwara ishobora guhumeka, bityo umurongo mwiza wo kwirwanaho Ni ubuhumekero. ”
Ubuhumekero burimo ubuhumekero bwa N95 bwakunze kuvugwa, bukaba ari bumwe mu buryo bwo guhumeka neza bushobora gukora kashe mu maso kandi burimo akayunguruzo kadasanzwe gashobora gufata byibuze 95% by'uduce duto two mu kirere tunyuramo. (Kugira ngo twirinde urujijo, ntabwo tuzita ubuhumekero ubwo aribwo bwose.)
Ugereranije na N95, masike yo kubaga ntabwo yagenewe gutanga uburinzi bwa aerosole. Nkuko blog ya CDC ibisobanura, masike yo kubaga yashizweho kugirango itange inzitizi zo kurinda ibitonyanga, ariko ntibigenga imikorere yo kuyungurura uduce duto, kandi ntibishobora gukora kashe ihagije mumaso yuwambaye ushaka guhumeka kurinda.q
Sietsema aherutse gusuzuma ibimenyetso bya mask byo mu kigo cya kaminuza ya Minnesota gishinzwe ubushakashatsi na politiki byanduza indwara. Yasabye ko ubuhumekero bwa N95 bwakoreshwa mu bakozi bashinzwe ubuzima bakorana n’abarwayi ba COVID-19, ariko akizera ko nta bimenyetso bihagije byemeza politiki yagutse ya mask irimo abantu bafite ubuzima bwiza.
Yavuze ko masike ishobora kugabanya kwandura ifata ibitonyanga binini ku bantu banduye, ariko ibi bireba gusa abantu bafite ibimenyetso, kandi yizera ko umuntu wese ufite ibimenyetso atagomba kuba ahantu rusange.
Muri imeri yagize ati: "Ntabwo mbona ko masike izagabanya kwanduza mbere yuko ibimenyetso bigaragara, kubera ko umwuka utazigera uhitamo inzira yo guhangana cyane (binyuze mu masike), bizarenga masike gusa."
Afite kandi impungenge ko ibyifuzo bya mask bizatuma abantu boroherwa na societe kandi bishobora kugora umurimo wo kugumana masike yo kubaga abakozi bo mubuvuzi.
Ariko rero, abandi bahanga ntibabyemera. Bavuga ko nubwo masike itazakora neza, irashobora kuba nziza kuruta ubusa.
Benjamin Cowling, inzobere mu byorezo muri kaminuza ya Hong Kong, ntatekereza ko masike yo kubaga ntacyo imaze ku baturage muri rusange.
Muri imeri yagize ati: “Birumvikana ko nshobora kwizera ko bizaba byiza iyo bikoreshejwe n'abakozi b'ubuvuzi, cyane cyane iyo bihujwe n'ibindi bikoresho birinda ndetse n'imyitwarire, ariko ni ngombwa iyo byambaye ku mubiri. Iri ni iterambere ryinshi. Ikoreshwa n'abakozi bo kwa muganga, ariko ntacyo imaze iyo yambarwa nabandi.
Mu bushakashatsi bumaze gusohoka, Colin yanditse igitabo cy’ubuvuzi Kamere. Abashakashatsi basanze masike yo kubaga igabanya umubare wa virusi z'ubuhumekero birukanwa iyo abantu bahumeka kandi bakorora mu mashini zidasanzwe.
Mbere, ubundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe na Colin hamwe n’abandi bakoresheje uburyo busa bwerekanye ko masike yo kubaga yagabanije urugero rwa grippe RNA abashakashatsi bashoboraga kubona ku bitonyanga bito kandi binini. Kubitonyanga binini, ingaruka zirakomeye cyane, ariko ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko masike ishobora kugabanya aerosole kurwego runaka.
Ubu bwoko bwubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko, mubyukuri, masike ishobora kugabanya ikwirakwizwa rya virusi zubuhumekero, ariko haracyari inzira ndende kugira ngo masike ari ingamba zifatika zubuzima rusange kubaturage muri rusange.
Erega burya, mugukoresha mubyukuri, niba abantu badashaka kwitandukanya na societe barangiza bakabakoraho mumaso yabo, cyangwa nibakomeza gukoraho hanze ya mask, mask irashobora kuba yanduye kandi mask irashobora kwangiza.
Ndetse n'abashyigikiye ikoreshwa rya masike rusange bemera ko nta bimenyetso bifatika. Mu ngingo y’isuzuma ry’ubuvuzi bw’ubuhumekero “Lancet”, ivuga ko hakoreshwa “gushyira mu gaciro” gukoresha masike mu kurwanya COVID-19, umwanditsi avuga ko ibimenyetso bihari ari “gake.”
Nubwo ubushakashatsi bumwe bwasuzumye masike zitandukanye mubitaro cyangwa ahandi hantu hita ku buzima, abantu bake ni bo bapimye niba masike ikora neza mu baturage-mu byukuri hari ukudahuza masike cyangwa nta ngaruka zikomeye zagaragaye.
Kurugero, Cowling yatubwiye ko ibimenyetso byiza biva mubigeragezo byateganijwe kandi bikatuyobora gukora isuzuma rifatika ryibigeragezo 10 byagerageje masike. Igeragezwa ryagerageje uburyo masike igabanya ikwirakwizwa rya ibicurane ahantu nko mu ngo cyangwa muri dortoir. ubushobozi. Nubwo ibigeragezo byinshi bigerageza gutuma abantu bambara masike mubyukuri, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko kubahiriza byinshi bishobora kugira ingaruka, isuzuma ryagaragaje ko guhagarika masike bitagabanya cyane ikwirakwizwa rya grippe.q Ibigeragezo byinshi nabyo ni bito cyane kuburyo umuntu ashobora gufata imyanzuro Ibyo aribyo byose imyanzuro myiza.
Elaine Shuo Feng, inzobere mu mibare n’indwara z’ibyorezo muri kaminuza ya Oxford akaba n’umwanditsi mukuru w’ikinyamakuru cyitwa Lancet Respiratory Medicine Review, yagize ati: Dushingiye ku ncamake y’ibigeragezo byateganijwe, hashobora kubaho ingaruka zimwe ariko zitari zikomeye. . ” Ikiganiro.
Aracyizera ko ari byiza ko ibihugu bitangira gutekereza ku ikoreshwa rya masike. Feng yagize ati: “Kubura ibimenyetso bihagije ntibisobanura ko gutabara ubwabyo ntacyo bivuze.” Ati: "Muri uru rubanza, ntekereza ko inzira nziza ari iyo kwishingikiriza ku bikorwa byose bidahari bivura imiti."
Mu mwaka wa 2015, abashakashatsi bashyize ahagaragara igeragezwa rya mbere ryateganijwe ku bushake bw’imyenda y’imyenda, basanga iyo abakozi b’ubuvuzi muri Vietnam bambaye masike aho kwambara masike yo kubagwa, bashobora kuba barwara inshuro 13 indwara z’ibicurane.
Igipimo cyo kwandura imyanya y'ubuhumekero cy'imyenda ya mask yo mu matsinda nayo yari hejuru ugereranije n'itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura. Itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura rimwe na rimwe ryambara masike yo kubaga ukurikije ibipimo byibitaro. Icyakora, kubera ko ntamuntu numwe wigeze yambara mask namba, abashakashatsi ntibashoboye kumenya niba masike yimyenda ishobora gukomeza kurinda uwambaye.
Umwanditsi yaranditse ati: “Byagaragaye ko umubare w'abanduye mu ntoki za masike ari mwinshi cyane, ibyo bikaba byasobanurwa n'ingaruka za masike y'imyenda, masike yo kwa muganga cyangwa guhuza byombi.”
Ubundi bushakashatsi bwize uburyo imyenda cyangwa ibishushanyo bimwe na bimwe birinda ikwirakwizwa ryibitonyanga nuduce muri laboratoire. Icyakora, nkuko umwanditsi w’urubanza rwa Vietnam yabigaragaje mu kiganiro, isano iri hagati y’urupapuro na COVID-19 ryerekana ko nta masike yigeze yipimisha mu manza z’amavuriro.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2013 bwagerageje ibikoresho bya mask byo mu rugo maze busanga T-shati y’ipamba ishobora kuba ifite ubushobozi bwo kuyungurura za bagiteri na virusi, ariko imikorere ya masike irarenze kure ya masike yo kubaga. Itsinda ryanzuye ko masike yakozwe ubwayo aruta kutagira masike, ariko pshould yafatwa nkuburyo bwa nyuma.q
Mu kizamini gikaze mu mwaka wa 2010, abashakashatsi bo mu kigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe umutekano n’ubuzima muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika bateye T-shati, igitambaro, amashati ndetse n’igitambara hamwe na nanoparticles kugira ngo basuzume ubushobozi bwo kuyungurura imyenda ya mask ya DIY. Nubwo imikorere yibi bikoresho yagabanutse ugereranije na masike ya gaze ya N95, umwanditsi yerekanye ko zitanga gusa "kurinda ubuhumekero bwa marginal", ariko imyenda myinshi ifata byibuze uduce tumwe na tumwe.
Linsey Marr, umwarimu w’ubuhanga muri Virginia Tech, wiga ikwirakwizwa rya virusi, araburira abantu kutishingikiriza ku masike yakozwe mu rugo kugira ngo virusi zidahumeka mu kirere, ariko ku bakurikirana ibishushanyo byabo bwite, afite ubuhanga bufatika.
Yatubwiye kuri imeri ati: “Ibikoresho bigomba kuba binini kandi bikozwe cyane, nk'igitambaro cyo mu gikoni cyangwa T-shati iremereye, kandi mask igomba kuba hafi y'izuru n'umunwa nta cyuho.”
Nkuko Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubumenyi ryabisobanuye muri raporo yo mu 2006, masike zidasanzwe zishobora gukoreshwa mu gihe cy'icyorezo. Imiterere yimyenda irashobora gushungura neza, ariko hariho ibicuruzwa. Raporo yagize ati: “Ubukomezi bw'imiterere buriyongera kandi birwanya guhumeka byiyongera, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku mukoresha igihe ukoresha igikoresho.” Yagaragaje ati: “Ibi bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mikoreshereze.”
Ku bahitamo kwambara masike, Feng arasaba kwiga uburyo bwiza bwo kugabanya kwandura impanuka zatewe na mask ubwayo. Nkuko bigaragara muri videwo ya OMS, urufunguzo ntabwo ari ugukora hanze ya mask-niba ubikora, koza intoki.
Ariko icy'ingenzi ntabwo ari ugutekereza ko masike ishobora kukurinda cyangwa kukubuza kwitarura abantu cyangwa gukaraba intoki. Nkuko Feng yabivuze, ibi "nibyiza kuguma murugo".
Igisubizo: Nta kimenyetso cyerekana ko urukingo rwemewe ruzatera igabanuka ry'uburumbuke. Nubwo ibizamini by’amavuriro bitigeze byiga kuri iki kibazo, ibihumbi n’ibihumbi bitabiriye ibizamini ntibigeze batangaza ko batakaje uburumbuke, cyangwa ngo bemeze ko ingaruka mbi zatewe na miliyoni z’inkingo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-19-2021
