Ihe eji eme ihe na akara akara nke valve okpomọkụ dị ala ka esi ahọrọ ihe nke valvụ dị ala

Ihe eji eme ihe na akara akara nke valve okpomọkụ dị ala ka esi ahọrọ ihe nke valvụ dị ala

2. Mmetụta nke obere okpomọkụ na arụmọrụ akara nke valvụ
2.1 Otu ụzọ akara na-abụghị ọla
valvụ bọọlụ na valvụ nru ububa na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ na-ejikarị igwe na-abụghị ọla akara abụọ. N'ihi ịdị elu dị elu nke ihe ndị na-abụghị ọla, nrụgide a kapịrị ọnụ a chọrọ maka akara dị ntakịrị, ya mere akara ahụ dị mma. Otú ọ dị, na obere okpomọkụ, n'ihi na ọnụọgụ mgbasawanye nke ihe ndị na-abụghị ọla dị ukwuu karịa nke ihe ndị dị na ígwè, nkwụsị nke okpomọkụ dị ala na nkwụsị nke akara ígwè, valvụ na akụkụ ndị ọzọ dị nnọọ iche, nke na-eduga na oké mbelata nke akara kpọmkwem nrụgide na nsonaazụ nke akara enweghị ike akara. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe ndị na-abụghị ọla na-esi ike ma na-akpụ akpụ na okpomọkụ cryogenic, na-efunahụ ike, na-ebute oyi na-atụ na ntụrụndụ. Dị ka roba na okpomọkụ dị ala karịa iko iko ya, ga-efunahụ elasticity kpamkpam, ghọọ enyo, tụfuo tightness. Na mgbakwunye, enweghị ike iji rọba maka valvụ LNG n'ihi na ọ nwere mgbasawanye afụ na ọkara LNG. Ya mere, ugbu a na imewe nke ala okpomọkụ valvụ, n'ozuzu okpomọkụ bụ ala karịa -70 ℃ agaghịkwa eji na-abụghị metal sealing inyeaka ihe, ma ọ bụ na-abụghị ọla ihe site a pụrụ iche usoro n'ime metal na-abụghị ọla mejupụtara Ọdịdị ụdị.
Dị ka ihe ndekọ mba ọzọ si kwuo, ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-abụghị ọla nwere ike iji mee ihe nke ọma na steeti cryogenic. N'afọ ndị 1970, "slip shod", plastic ọhụrụ sitere na Irish Alloy Co., LTD., bụ ụdị polyethylene dị arọ nke dị elu, nke nwere ezigbo ike na -269 Celsius C, adịghị agbaji n'okpuru ụfọdụ nrụgide mmetụta. ma nọgide na-enwe ike eyi nguzogide. Plastic Mylar mepụtara na France ka na-agbanwe na okpomọkụ nke hydrogen mmiri mmiri (-253 ℃). A nwalere ihe njide polycarbonate nke HT Lomanenko nke bụbu Soviet Union na mmiri mmiri nitrogen (-196 ℃). Ihe omuma a na-egosi na polycarbonate nwere mmetụta mkpuchi dị mma na obere okpomọkụ.
2.2 Metal akara ụzọ
N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke obere okpomọkụ, ike na ike nke ihe ígwè na-abawanye, plasticity na ike na-ebelata, na-egosi ọkwa dị iche iche nke obere okpomọkụ oyi na-egbuke egbuke, na-emetụta ọrụ na nchekwa nke valvụ. Iji gbochie obere nchekasị kenkuwa mgbaji nke ihe na obere okpomọkụ, mgbe emebe ala okpomọkụ valves, ferritic igwe anaghị agba nchara ihe na-ejikarị eme ihe mgbe okpomọkụ dị elu karịa -100 ℃, mgbe okpomọkụ bụ ala karịa -100 ℃, na valvụ. ahụ, valvụ cover, valvụ azuokokoosisi na akara oche na-akasị ji na ihu na-adabere cubic lattice austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara, ọla kọpa na ọla kọpa alloy, aluminum na aluminum alloy, wdg Ma n'ihi na siri ike nke aluminom na aluminom alloy adịghị elu, nkwụsị nke abrasion na nkwụsị nke mkpuchi mkpuchi adịghị mma, n'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na valvụ dị ala. Na-ejikarị austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara ihe, nke a na-ejikarị 0Cr18Ni9, 00Cr17Ni12Mo2(304, 316L), wdg, ihe ndị a enweghị obere okpomọkụ oyi kenkuwa oké egwu okpomọkụ, n'okpuru ala okpomọkụ ọnọdụ, ka nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe elu siri ike.
Otú ọ dị, austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara dị ka obere okpomọkụ valve metal akara inyeaka ihe nwekwara ụfọdụ adịghị ike. N'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a dị na ọnọdụ metastable na ụlọ okpomọkụ, austenite na ihe onwunwe na-agbanwe ghọọ martensite mgbe okpomọkụ na-agbada n'okpuru ebe mgbanwe oge (MS). N'ihi na ahu hiwere isi cubic lattice nke martensite njupụta dị ala karịa nke ihu na-adabere cubic lattice nke austenite, na n'ihi na ụfọdụ carbon atom ndokwa ahu hiwere isi cubic lattice ọnọdụ ụkpụrụ, na-eme ka lattice tinyere C axis ibu, otú ahụ na-abawanye nke olu mgbanwe. kpatara n'ime nrụgide, na-eme na mbụ mgbe egweri izute akara chọrọ nke sealing elu buckling deformation, dapụtara na akara ọdịda.
Na mgbakwunye na nrụrụ ọdịda nke mkpuchi elu kpatara mgbanwe ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị ala, n'ihi ọdịiche okpomọkụ nke akụkụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọdịiche nke ihe anụ ahụ dị n'etiti ihe dị iche iche, na-akpata nkwụsị na-enweghị isi, nrụgide mgbanwe okpomọkụ ga-emekwa. Mgbe nrụgide ahụ dị n'okpuru njedebe na-agbanwe nke ihe ahụ, a na-emepụta ihe mgbagwoju anya na-agbanwe agbanwe na elu akara. Mgbe nrụgide okpomọkụ nke akụkụ gafere oke mkpụrụ nke ihe ahụ, akụkụ ndị ahụ ga-enwe mgbagwoju anya na nrụrụ a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha, nke ga-emekwa ka ọdịda nke mkpuchi mkpuchi ma na-emetụta mmetụta mkpuchi.
N'ihi mmetụta nke obere okpomọkụ na ụzọ mkpuchi ígwè, a ghaghị ime ihe ndị kwekọrọ na ya iji mee ka nrụrụ nke ihe mkpuchi metal dị ntakịrị ma ọ bụ nrụrụ nke mkpuchi mkpuchi nwere obere mmetụta na arụ ọrụ mkpuchi. Nke mbụ, n'ihe gbasara ihe, anyị kwesịrị ịgbalị ịhọrọ ihe ndị nwere nkwụsi ike dị elu nke nhazi metallographic (dị ka 316L ma na-akwụ ụgwọ dị elu). Nke abuo, maka ahụ, mkpuchi, azuokokoosisi, akara na ihe ndị ọzọ austenitic mere nke akụkụ ga-edozi ya na obere okpomọkụ, nke mere na mgbanwe martensite na nrụrụ nke ihe ahụ na-emecha tupu ya emechaa. Okpomọkụ nke ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ dị ala kwesịrị ịdị ala karịa mgbanwe mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihe onwunwe (MS) ma dị ala karịa ezigbo okpomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ nke valvụ, na oge ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịbụ 2 ~ 4h. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, enwere ike ịme ọtụtụ ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ dị ala ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ ịka nká kwesịrị ekwesị. Na mgbakwunye na usoro ndị a dị n'elu, ekwesịrị ịtụle usoro nhazi ahụ iji belata mmetụta nke nrụrụ akara n'elu na-arụ ọrụ akara, dị ka n'ichepụta valvụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá, valvụ bọọlụ na valvụ nru ububa nwere ike ịtụle iji ihe eji eme ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe, ya mere. na enwere ike ịkwụghachi nrụrụ obere okpomọkụ. N'ihi na globe valvụ kwesịrị conical akara Ọdịdị, nke mere na ala okpomọkụ deformation na akara elu nke obere mmetụta.
3. Mmetụta nke obere okpomọkụ na arụmọrụ akara nke valvụ
3.1 Nkwakọ ngwaahịa
N'ihi ntụpọ nke roba ihe na obere okpomọkụ na oyi kenkuwa na oké oyi eruba onu nke ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị ọla ihe, akara imewe n'etiti azuokokoosisi na valvụ ahụ nke ala okpomọkụ valvụ enweghị ike iji ụdị akara mgbanaka, nwere ike. na-eji naanị nkwakọ igbe akara Ọdịdị na Bellow sealing Ọdịdị. General bellows akara a na-eji na-ajụ adịghị ekwe ka trace leakage na-adịghị adabara mbukota oge, ndụ nke ya otu oyi akwa Ọdịdị dị nnọọ mkpụmkpụ, na-eri nke multi-layer Ọdịdị dị elu, nhazi siri ike, otú n'ozuzu bụghị. eji.
The akara Ọdịdị nke nri igbe dị mfe imepụta na hazie, mfe ịnọgide na-enwe na dochie, na bụ nnọọ nkịtị na ngwa ngwa. Otú ọ dị, okpomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ozuzu nke nkwakọ enweghị ike ịbụ ala karịa -40 ℃. Iji hụ na arụ ọrụ mkpuchi nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa ahụ, a ga-arụ ọrụ igbe igbe nke valvụ dị ala dị ala n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị nso na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Na obere okpomọkụ, na mbelata nke okpomọkụ, elasticity nke ndochi ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-apụ n'anya, na ntapu-proof arụmọrụ na-ebelata. N'ihi mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi kpatara mbukota na valvụ akpụrụ mmiri ice, ga-emetụta ọrụ nkịtị nke valvụ ahụ, mana n'ihi mmegharị nke valvụ ahụ ga-ebukọ ihe ọkọchị, na-eme ka mkpofu dị njọ. Ya mere, n'okpuru ọnọdụ nkịtị, obere okpomọkụ valvụ mbukota na-achọrọ na-arụ ọrụ na okpomọkụ n'elu 0 ℃, nke na-achọ imewe nke ogologo olu valvụ cover Ọdịdị, nke mere na nkwakọ ngwaahịa pụọ ​​na obere okpomọkụ ọkara, na nhọrọ nke mbukota. na àgwà okpomọkụ dị ala. Ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ polytetrafluoroethylene, asbestos, polytetrafluoroethylene asbestos eriri na graphite na-agbanwe agbanwe, n'etiti nke, n'ihi na asbestos enweghị ike izere nkwụsị nke permeability, polytetrafluoroethylene linear mgbasa ọnụọgụ dị ukwuu, ihe na-asọ oyi dị njọ, ya mere, a naghị eji ya eme ihe. Grafite na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ ihe mkpuchi dị mma, gas, mmiri mmiri enweghị ike ime ya, ọnụego mkpakọ karịrị 40%, ike resilience karịrị 15%, ezumike nrụgide na-erughị 5%, enwere ike mechie nrụgide dị ala. Ọ nwekwara mmanu onwe ya, nke a na-eji dị ka nkwakọ valve nwere ike igbochi nkwakọ ngwaahịa na valvụ valvụ nke ọma, arụmọrụ ya dị mma karịa ihe asbestos ọdịnala, yabụ na ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe mkpuchi kachasị mma.
N'ihi na ihe ndochi ahụ na-abụkarị ihe na-abụghị ọla, ọnụọgụ mgbasawanye ahịrị na-ebuwanye ibu karịa igbe igwe na-ejuputa na valvụ. Ya mere, mgbe ngwugwu gbakọtara na ụlọ okpomọkụ na-adaba na okpomọkụ ụfọdụ, nkwụsị ya dị ukwuu karịa nke oghere nkwakọ ngwaahịa na valvụ, nke nwere ike ime ka ntanye n'ihi mbelata nke nrụgide preloading. Na imewe, na mbukota gland bolt nwere ike preloaded na otutu ìgwè nke diski mmiri gaskets, nke mere na preloading ike nke mbukota na ala okpomọkụ nwere ike nọgidere na-akwụ ụgwọ iji hụ na akara mmetụta nke mbukota.
Mpempe akwụkwọ ntanye dị ala jikọtara ọnụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Garlock na United States mepụtara, mgbanaka ngwụcha bụ nke carbon fiber braided disc root, a na-eji mgbanaka akara bụ akwa diamond texture graphite strip na-akpụzi, site na iko na cone na mgbasawanye radial. njirimara, nke mere na a na-emeziwanye arụmọrụ akara.
Nrụrụ okpomọkụ dị ala nke ihe eji eme ihe ga-emetụtakwa arụmọrụ akara nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa. Ya mere, otu ihe ahụ dị ka valvụ ahụ, mkpuchi valvụ, ihe ntinye aka na-emechi ihe, azuokokoosisi ga-abụkwa nhazi cryogenic mgbe emechara, iji mee ka nrụrụ dị ala dị ntakịrị. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, n'ihi na austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara na-eji ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma, njikọ dị n'etiti azuokokoosisi na nkwakọ ngwaahịa nwere ike ịkụda ibe ha, na-akpata nkwụsịtụ na nkwakọ ngwaahịa. Ya mere, a ga-eji chromium ma ọ bụ nitride siri ike kpuchie elu osisi ahụ iji mee ka isi ike dị elu.
3.2 Middle flange gasket
Ma akara flange etiti nke valvụ na njikọ mpụga nke valvụ njikọ flange na-adịkarị n'ụdị gaskets. Ebe ọ bụ na gasket ihe ga-esi ike ma belata plasticity na obere okpomọkụ, gasket maka obere okpomọkụ valves nwere ihe dị elu chọrọ. Ọ ga-enwerịrị akara a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na mgbake na okpomọkụ nkịtị, obere okpomọkụ na mgbanwe okpomọkụ. Mmetụta nke ala okpomọkụ na gasket akara arụmọrụ kwesịrị ka a tụlee comprehensively.
Dị ka ụdị mkpuchi gasket a na-ejikarị, ogologo bolt, gasket na ọkpụrụkpụ flange ga-adalata ka okpomọkụ na-ebelata. Iji hụ na a pụrụ ịdabere na gasket sealing na ala okpomọkụ, ọ ga-ezute
Δ HT3 Δ HT - Δ HT1 - Δ H1 Pịnye na
ΔH1 - Nrụrụ mgbaka nke mgbakọ bolt, mm
Δ H1 = 1 / E1H sigma
ΔHT1 - Bolt shrinkage na oke okpomọkụ nke ΔT, mm
HT1 ΔT = H alfa 1
ΔHT - mbelata nke gasket na mpaghara okpomọkụ ΔT, mm
Δ HT = alfa 2 Δ h T
ΔHT3 - Mbelata nke elu na ala flanges na mpaghara okpomọkụ ΔT, mm
Δ HT3 = alfa 3 Δ T1 (H-H)
σ1 - Nbudata ihe mgbochi, N/mm
E1 — modulu na-agbanwe nke bolt, N/mm
α1, α2, α3 - bụ ọnụọgụ mgbasawanye ahịrị nke bolt, gasket na flange, n'otu n'otu, mm / m
H, H- mm
Mgbe gasket akara ruru e mere na-arụ ọrụ dị ala okpomọkụ site na ụlọ okpomọkụ, nchikota nke shrinkage nke elu na ala flanges na shrinkage nke gasket ga-abụ ihe na-erughị nchikota nke shrinkage nke bolt na tensile deformation nke bolt. mgbakọ, ka iji hụ na gasket ka nwere akụkụ nke preload na-arụ ọrụ okpomọkụ ma na-ejigide ike akara.
N'ihi ya, a ga-atụle akụkụ anọ na nhazi ahụ. ① Ihe mkpuchi ahụ bụ ihe nwere ọnụọgụ mgbasawanye nke ukwuu, nke nwere nnukwu shrinkage na obere okpomọkụ. ② A na-eji ihe eji eme ihe nwere obere ọnụọgụ mgbasa ozi iji belata ΔHT3. ③ Belata ọkpụrụkpụ nke gasket, ma jiri ihe nwere obere mgbasawanye ọnụọgụ dị ka gasket. (4) Mmụba nrụrụ tensile nke bolts.
N'ihi na ala okpomọkụ valves n'okpuru -100 ℃, ahụ ihe na bolt ihe na-adịkarị mere nke austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara, linear mgbasa ọnụọgụ bụ otu, ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka họrọ kwesịrị ekwesị gasket ihe na-abawanye tensile deformation nke bolts. Ezigbo obere okpomọkụ gasket ihe, na ụlọ okpomọkụ ya ekweghị ekwe bụ ala, na ala okpomọkụ resilience nwere ike ịdị mma, linear mgbasa ọnụọgụ bụ obere na nwere ụfọdụ n'ibu ike. N'ime ngwa bara uru, a na-ejikarị gaskets winding nke igwe anaghị agba nchara jupụtara na asbestos ma ọ bụ polytetrafluorethylene ma ọ bụ graphite na-agbanwe agbanwe, na akara akara nke winding gaskets mere nke graphite na-agbanwe agbanwe na igwe anaghị agba nchara dị mma. N'ihe gbasara nrụrụ tensile na-arịwanye elu nke bolt, n'ihi njedebe nke ntinye ihe nrụnye bolt, oke ụbara abụghị nke ukwuu, ya mere enwere ike ịtụle ịtọ diski mmiri diski iji kwụọ ụgwọ.