Gukoresha no gufunga ibisabwa byubushyuhe buke uburyo bwo guhitamo ibikoresho byubushyuhe buke

Gukoresha no gufunga ibisabwa byubushyuhe buke uburyo bwo guhitamo ibikoresho byubushyuhe buke

2. Ingaruka yubushyuhe buke kumikorere ya valve
2.1 Ikidodo kidasanzwe
Imipira yumupira hamwe nibinyugunyugu ikorera mubushyuhe bwicyumba muri rusange ikoresha ibyuma kubintu bitari ibyuma bifunga kashe. Bitewe nuburyo bworoshye bwibikoresho bitari ibyuma, umuvuduko wihariye usabwa kugirango ushireho ni muto, kashe rero ni nziza. Nyamara, ku bushyuhe buke, kubera ko coefficente yo kwaguka yibikoresho bitari ibyuma ari nini cyane kuruta iy'ibyuma, kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe buke no kugabanuka kwa kashe y'ibyuma, imibiri ya valve n'ibindi bice bitandukanye cyane, biganisha kuri kugabanya cyane kashe yumuvuduko wihariye nibisubizo byo gufunga ntibishobora gufungwa. Ibyinshi mubikoresho bitari ibyuma birakomera kandi bigahinduka ubushyuhe bwa cryogenic, gutakaza ubukana, bikaviramo gutembera no kuruhuka. Nka reberi ku bushyuhe buri munsi yubushyuhe bwikirahure, izatakaza burundu elastique, ihinduke ibirahure, itakaza ubukana bwayo. Mubyongeyeho, reberi ntishobora gukoreshwa kububiko bwa LNG kuko ifite kwaguka kwinshi muburyo bwa LNG. Kubwibyo, ubungubu mugushushanya ubushyuhe buke bwa valve, ubushyuhe rusange buri munsi ya -70 ℃ ntukigikoresha ibikoresho bifasha kashe ya kashe, cyangwa ibikoresho bitari ibyuma binyuze muburyo budasanzwe mubyuma byubwoko butandukanye.
Dukurikije inyandiko z’amahanga, bimwe mu bikoresho bitari ibyuma birashobora gukoreshwa neza muri kirogenike. Mu myaka ya za 70, “slip shod”, plastiki nshya yaturutse muri Irlande Alloy Co, LTD., Yari ubwoko bwa polyethylene ifite uburemere bukabije bwa molekile, yari ifite ubukana bwiza kuri -269 ° C, ntabwo bwacitse bitewe n’ingutu zimwe na zimwe, kandi yagumye irwanya kwambara. Plastike ya Mylar yatejwe imbere mu Bufaransa iracyari nziza cyane ku bushyuhe bwa hydrogène y'amazi (-253 ℃). Ikimenyetso cya polyikarubone ya HT Lomanenko wahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti yageragejwe muri azote yuzuye (-196 ℃). Amakuru yerekana ko polyakarubone ifite ingaruka nziza yo gufunga ubushyuhe buke.
2.2 Ikidodo c'ikidodo
Ukurikije ubushyuhe buke, imbaraga nubukomezi bwibikoresho byicyuma biriyongera, plastike nubukomezi bigabanuka, byerekana dogere zitandukanye zubushyuhe buke ubukonje bukabije, bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere numutekano wa valve. Kugirango wirinde guhagarika umutima gucika intege kubikoresho ku bushyuhe buke, mugihe hateguwe ububiko buke bwubushyuhe, ibikoresho byuma bya ferritic bitagira ibyuma bikoreshwa mugihe ubushuhe buri hejuru ya -100 ℃, mugihe ubushyuhe buri munsi ya -100 ℃, valve umubiri, igifuniko cya valve, igiti cya valve hamwe nintebe yo gufunga bikoreshwa cyane hamwe na cubic lattice austenitic ibyuma bitagira umuyonga, umuringa n'umuringa, aluminium na aluminiyumu, nibindi. Ariko kubera ubukana bwa aluminium na aluminium ntabwo ari hejuru, kurwanya abrasion no kurwanya abrasion hejuru yikidodo ni bibi, kubwibyo ntibikunze gukoreshwa mububiko buke bwubushyuhe. Mubisanzwe ukoreshe ibikoresho bya austenitike bidafite ibyuma, bikunze gukoreshwa 0Cr18Ni9, 00Cr17Ni12Mo2 (304, 316L), nibindi, ibyo bikoresho ntabwo bifite ubushyuhe buke bukonje bukabije ubushyuhe bukabije, mubihe byubushyuhe buke, burashobora gukomeza gukomera.
Nyamara, ibyuma bya austenitike bidafite ibyuma nkubushyuhe buke bwa valve icyuma gifasha ibikoresho nabyo bifite amakosa. Kuberako ibyinshi muri ibyo bikoresho biri muburyo bworoshye mubushyuhe bwicyumba, austenite mubikoresho ihinduka martensite mugihe ubushyuhe bwamanutse munsi yicyiciro cyinzibacyuho (MS). Kububiko bushingiye kumibiri yububiko bwa martensite buri munsi kurenza iy'ububiko bushingiye kuri cubic lattice ya austenite, kandi kubera ko atome zimwe na zimwe za karubone zitondekanya umubiri ugizwe na cubic lattice imyanya igenga, bigatuma latike ikura ya C axis, bityo ubwiyongere bwijwi bugahinduka Biterwa no guhangayika imbere, kora mbere yo gusya byujuje ibisabwa kugirango ushireho ibimenyetso bifatika, bikaviramo kunanirwa kashe.
Usibye kunanirwa kwa deforme yubuso buterwa no guhinduka kwubushyuhe buke, bitewe nubushyuhe bwubushyuhe bwa buri gice cyangwa itandukaniro ryimiterere yumubiri hagati yibikoresho bitandukanye, bigatuma kugabanuka kutaringaniye, guhangayikishwa nubushyuhe nabyo bizagaragara. Iyo imihangayiko iri munsi yimipaka yibikoresho, kugoreka ibintu bidasubirwaho gukorerwa hejuru yikimenyetso. Iyo ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe bwigice burenze igipimo cyumusaruro wibikoresho, ibice bizagira kugoreka bidasubirwaho no guhindura ibintu, nabyo bizatera kunanirwa hejuru yikimenyetso kandi bigira ingaruka kumpamvu.
Urebye ingaruka zubushyuhe buke ku cyuma gifunga ibyuma, hagomba gufatwa ingamba zikwiye kugirango ihindagurika ryikimenyetso cyo gufunga ibyuma bito cyangwa guhindura ubuso bwa kashe ntigire ingaruka nke mubikorwa byo gufunga. Ubwa mbere, mubijyanye nibikoresho, dukwiye kugerageza guhitamo ibikoresho bifite ituze ryinshi ryimiterere ya metallografiya (nka 316L ariko hamwe nigiciro kinini). Icya kabiri, kumubiri, gupfuka, uruti, kashe hamwe nibindi bikoresho bya austenitike bikozwe mubice bigomba gutunganywa mubushyuhe buke, kugirango martensite ihindurwe no guhindura ibintu bikorwa neza mbere yo kurangiza. Ubushyuhe bwo kuvura ubushyuhe buke bugomba kuba munsi yubushyuhe bwo guhindura ibintu (MS) no munsi yubushyuhe nyabwo bwakazi bwa valve, kandi igihe cyo kuvura kigomba kuba 2 ~ 4h. Iyo bibaye ngombwa, kuvura ubushyuhe buke cyangwa kuvura gusaza birashobora gukorwa. Usibye ingamba zavuzwe haruguru, igishushanyo mbonera nacyo kigomba gutekerezwa kugirango hagabanuke ingaruka ziterwa no gufunga hejuru yubuso ku mikorere ya kashe, nko mugushushanya amarembo y’irembo, imipira y’umupira hamwe n’ibinyugunyugu bishobora gutekereza ku gukoresha imiterere ya kashe ya elastike, bityo ko ubushyuhe bwo hasi bushobora kwishyurwa igice. Kububiko bwisi bugomba kuba imiterere yikimenyetso, kugirango ubushyuhe buke bugabanuke hejuru yikimenyetso gito.
3. Ingaruka yubushyuhe buke kumikorere ya valve
3.1 Gupakira ibiti
Bitewe nubusembwa bwibikoresho bya reberi ku bushyuhe buke hamwe nubukonje bukabije hamwe nubukonje bukabije bwibintu byinshi bitari ibyuma, igishushanyo mbonera cyo gufunga hagati yumuti numubiri wa valve yumubyimba muto ntushobora gukoresha uburyo bwo gufunga impeta, koresha gusa ipaki yububiko bwo gufunga imiterere na bellows imiterere. Ikirangantego rusange gikoreshwa murwego rwo hagati ntirwemerera kumeneka kandi ntirukwiriye mugihe cyo gupakira, ubuzima bwimiterere yurwego rumwe ni bugufi cyane, ikiguzi cyimiterere myinshi ni kinini, gutunganya biragoye, mubisanzwe rero sibyo Byakoreshejwe.
Imiterere ya kashe yububiko bwuzuye biroroshye gukora no gutunganya, byoroshye kubungabunga no gusimbuza, kandi nibisanzwe mubikorwa bifatika. Nyamara, ubushyuhe rusange bwakazi bwo gupakira ntibushobora kuba munsi ya -40 ℃. Kugirango hamenyekane neza kashe yo gupakira, igikoresho cyo gupakira agasanduku k'ubushyuhe bwo hasi bugomba gukoreshwa mugihe cyegereye ubushyuhe bwibidukikije. Ku bushyuhe buke, hamwe no kugabanuka kwubushyuhe, ubworoherane bwuzuza buhoro buhoro burashira, kandi imikorere idasohoka iragabanuka. Bitewe no kumeneka kwitangazamakuru guterwa no gupakira hamwe na ice stem stem ice, bizagira ingaruka kumikorere isanzwe yikibabi cya valve, ariko nanone bitewe nigikorwa cyuruti rwa valve ruzaba rupakira ibishushanyo, bitera kumeneka gukomeye. Kubwibyo, mubihe bisanzwe, gupakira ubushyuhe buke bwa valve birasabwa gukora kubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 0 ℃, bisaba gushushanya imiterere miremire yo mu ijosi, kugirango agasanduku gapakira kure yubushyuhe buke, no guhitamo gupakira hamwe n'ubushyuhe buke. Ibyuzuzwa bikunze gukoreshwa ni polytetrafluoroethylene, asibesitosi, polytetrafluoroethylene yatewe mu mugozi wa asibesitosi hamwe na grafite yoroheje, muri byo, kubera ko asibesitosi idashobora kwirinda kumeneka neza, polytetrafluoroethylene yo kwagura umurongo ni nini cyane, bityo rero ntibikoreshwa. Flexible grafite ni ibikoresho byiza bifunga kashe, gaze, amazi ntashobora kwinjizwa, igipimo cyo kwikuramo kirenze 40%, kwihangana birenze 15%, kuruhuka guhangayikishijwe ni munsi ya 5%, umuvuduko wo hasi wihuta urashobora gufungwa. Ifite kandi amavuta yo kwisiga, ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo gupakira birashobora gukumira neza gupakira no kwambara igiti, imikorere yacyo yo gufunga biragaragara ko ari nziza kuruta ibikoresho bya asibesitosi gakondo, bityo rero nikimwe mubikoresho byiza byo gufunga.
Kuberako uwuzuza muri rusange ari ibintu bitari ibyuma, coefficente yo kwagura umurongo nini cyane kuruta icyuma cyuzuza agasanduku hamwe nigiti cya valve. Kubwibyo, iyo ipaki yateranijwe mubushyuhe bwicyumba igabanutse kubushyuhe runaka, kugabanuka kwayo kurenza iy'umwobo wapakira hamwe nigiti cya valve, gishobora gutera kumeneka bitewe nigabanuka ryumuvuduko wa preloading. Mu gishushanyo mbonera, gupakira gland bolt irashobora kubanzirizwa hamwe nitsinda ryinshi rya gasketi ya disiki, kugirango imbaraga zo kubanziriza gupakira mubushyuhe buke zishobora guhora zishyurwa kugirango habeho ingaruka zifunga.
Kumeneka guke hamwe no gupakira ibiti byakozwe na Sosiyete ya Garlock muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika, impeta yanyuma ikozwe mumashanyarazi ya karuboni fibre ikozwe mu mizi, impeta yo gufunga ikozwe muburyo bwiza bwa diyama yuzuye ya grafitike ibumba, binyuze mu gikombe na cone no kwaguka kwa radiyo ibiranga, kugirango imikorere ya kashe itezimbere.
Ubushyuhe buke bwo guhindura ibikoresho byurwego nabyo bizagira ingaruka kumikorere yo gupakira. Kubwibyo, kimwe numubiri wa valve, igifuniko cya valve, ibikoresho bifunga ibikoresho, uruti rugomba no gutunganyirizwa hamwe nyuma yo kurangiza, kugirango ubushyuhe buke buke. Byongeye kandi, kubera ko ibyuma bya austenitis bitagira umuyonga bikoreshwa mubikoresho bya kirogenique bidashobora kuvurwa nubushyuhe kugirango bongere ubukana bwubuso, guhuza uruti nigipfunyika birashoboka cyane ko byakomeretsa, bikaviramo kumeneka kubipakira. Kubwibyo, ubuso bwuruti bugomba gushyirwaho chromium cyangwa nitride kugirango byongere ubukana bwubuso.
3.2 Igikoresho cyo hagati
Byombi hagati ya flange ya kashe ya valve no guhuza hanze ya flange ihuza valve muri rusange muburyo bwa gasketi. Kubera ko ibikoresho bya gaze bizakomera kandi bigabanye plastike ku bushyuhe buke, gaze ya valve yubushyuhe buke ifite ibisabwa byinshi. Igomba kugira kashe yizewe no gukira kubushyuhe busanzwe, ubushyuhe buke nubushyuhe bwubushyuhe. Ingaruka yubushyuhe buke kumikorere ya kashe igomba gutekerezwa neza.
Ukurikije uburyo busanzwe bwo gufunga gasike, uburebure bwa bolt, gasketi hamwe nubunini bwa flange bizagabanuka uko ubushyuhe bugabanuka. Kugirango hamenyekane kashe yizewe yubushyuhe buke, igomba kuba yujuje
Δ HT3 Δ HT - Δ HT1 - Δ H1 Andika muri
ΔH1 - Imiterere ihindagurika yo guterana kwa bolt, mm
Δ H1 = 1 / E1H sigma
ΔHT1 - Kugabanuka kwa Bolt mubipimo by'ubushyuhe bwa ΔT, mm
Δ HT1 Δ T = H alpha 1
ΔHT - kugabanuka kwa gaze muri zoneT ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe, mm
HT = alfa 2 Δ h T.
ΔHT3 - Kugabanuka kwa flanges yo hejuru no hepfo muri zoneT ubushyuhe, mm
Δ HT3 = alpha 3 Δ T1 (H - H)
σ1 - Bolt preload, N / mm
E1 - modulus ya elastike ya bolt, N / mm
α1, α2, α3 - ni coefficente yo kwagura umurongo wa bolt, gasketi nibikoresho bya flange, mm / m
H, H - mm
Iyo kashe ya gaze igeze ku bushyuhe bwateganijwe bwo gukora ubushyuhe buke buturutse ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, igiteranyo cyo kugabanuka kwa flanges yo hejuru no hepfo hamwe no kugabanuka kwa gasike bigomba kuba munsi yumubare wogusenyuka kwa bolt hamwe no guhindagurika kwinshi kwa bolt. guterana, kugirango tumenye neza ko gasketi igifite igice cya preload ku bushyuhe bwakazi kandi igakomeza ubushobozi bwo gufunga.
Kubwibyo, ibintu bine bigomba gusuzumwa mugushushanya. ① Bolt ikozwe mubintu bifite umurongo munini wo kwagura umurongo, ufite igabanuka ryinshi ku bushyuhe buke. Nge Flange ikozwe mubikoresho bifite umurongo muto wo kwagura umurongo kugirango ugabanye ΔHT3. Kugabanya umubyimba wa gaze, kandi ukoreshe ibikoresho hamwe na coefficient ntoya yo kwagura umurongo nka gasike. (4) Ongera ihindagurika ryimiterere ya bolts.
Kubushyuhe bwubushyuhe buri munsi -100 ℃, ibikoresho byumubiri nibikoresho bya bolt muri rusange bikozwe mubyuma bya austenitike bitagira umuyonga, coefficente yo kwagura umurongo ni kimwe, bityo rero ni ngombwa guhitamo ibikoresho bya gaze bikwiye no kongera ihinduka ryimiterere ya bolts. Ibyiza byubushyuhe buke bwibikoresho, mubushyuhe bwicyumba ubukana bwabwo buri hasi, kubushyuhe buke burashobora kuba bwiza, coefficient de la coiffe ni nto kandi ifite imbaraga zubukanishi. Mubikorwa bifatika, gasketi ihinduranya ikozwe mucyuma kitagira ibyuma cyuzuyemo asibesitosi cyangwa polytetrafluorethylene cyangwa grafite yoroheje ikoreshwa muri rusange, kandi ingaruka yo gufunga gasketi ihinduranya ikozwe na grafite yoroheje nicyuma. Kubijyanye no kwiyongera kwimiterere ya bolt, kubera imipaka yo kwishyiriraho ibanzirizasuzuma, marge yiyongereye ntabwo ari myinshi, birashobora rero gufatwa nkugushiraho disiki ya disiki kugirango yishyure.