Kushandiswa uye kuisa chisimbiso zvinodiwa yakaderera tembiricha vharafu sei kusarudza zvinhu yakaderera tembiricha vharafu

Kushandiswa uye kuisa chisimbiso zvinodiwa yakaderera tembiricha vharafu sei kusarudza zvinhu yakaderera tembiricha vharafu

2. Kufuridzirwa kwekushisa kwakadzika pakushanda kwekuvhara kwevhavha
2.1 Non-metallic sealing pairs
Mavharuvhu ebhora uye mavharuvhu eshavishavi anoshanda patembiricha yepakamuri anowanzo shandisa simbi kune isiri-simbi yesimbi seal pairs. Nekuda kwekukwirira kwepamusoro kwezvinhu zvisiri-metallic, iyo chaiyo yekumanikidza inodiwa pakuisa chisimbiso idiki, saka chisimbiso chakanaka. Zvisinei, pakupisa kwakadzika, nokuti kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvisiri zvesimbi yakakura zvikuru kupfuura yezvigadzirwa zvesimbi, shrinkage yekushisa kwakadzika uye kupera kwesimbi zvisimbiso, miviri yevhavha uye zvimwe zvikamu zvakasiyana zvikuru, izvo zvinotungamirira kune kuderedzwa kwakakomba kwekuisa chisimbiso chakananga kumanikidza uye mhedzisiro yekuisa chisimbiso haigone kuiswa chisimbiso. Zvizhinji zvisiri-metallic zvinhu zvinoomesa uye kuita brittle pakupisa kwe cryogenic, kurasikirwa nekuoma, zvichikonzera kuyerera kwechando uye kuzorora kwekushushikana. Zvakadai serabha pane tembiricha yakaderera kupfuura tembiricha yayo yegirazi, icharasikirwa zvachose elasticity, kuva girazi, kurasikirwa kwayo kusimba. Uye zvakare, rabha haigone kushandiswa kune LNG mavharuvhu nekuti ine bubble yekuwedzera muLNG yepakati. Naizvozvo, pari zvino mukugadzirwa kwevharuvhu yekushisa kwakadzika, tembiricha yakaderera pane -70 ℃ haichashandisi zvisiri zvesimbi yekuisa chisimbiso zvinhu zvekubatsira, kana zvisiri-metallic zvinhu kuburikidza neakakosha maitiro kuita simbi uye isiri-metallic composite chimiro mhando.
Maererano nezvinyorwa zvekunze, zvimwe zvisiri zvesimbi zvinogona kushandiswa zvakanaka mu cryogenic state. Mumakore ekuma1970, "slip shod", ipurasitiki nyowani kubva kuIrish Alloy Co., LTD., Yaive mhando yemhando yepamusoro-yepamusoro molecular uremu polyethylene, yaive nekusimba kwakanaka pa -269 ° C, haina kuputsika pasi pekunetseka kwekunetseka. uye yakaramba ichinyanya kupfeka kuramba. Iyo Mylar plastiki yakagadzirwa muFrance ichiri yakatsetseka patembiricha yemvura yehydrogen (-253 ℃). Iyo polycarbonate seal inobata yeHT Lomanenko yeyaimbova Soviet Union yakaedzwa mumvura nitrogen (-196 ℃). Iyo data inoratidza kuti iyo polycarbonate ine yakanaka yekuisa chisimbiso pakudziya kwakadzika.
2.2 Metal seal pair
Pasi pemamiriro ekushisa kwakadzika, simba uye kuoma kwezvinhu zvesimbi zvinowedzera, plastiki uye kuoma kunoderera, kuratidza madhigirii akasiyana-siyana ekushisa kwakadzika kunotonhora brittle phenomenon, kunokanganisa zvakanyanya kushanda uye kuchengeteka kwevhavha. Kuti udzivise kuderera kwekushushikana kutsemuka kwemidziyo pakudziya kwakadzika, kana kugadzira yakaderera tembiricha mavharuvhu, ferritic Stainless simbi zvinhu zvinowanzo shandiswa kana tembiricha yakakwira kupfuura -100 ℃, nepo tembiricha yakadzikira pane -100 ℃, vharafu. muviri, chivharo chevharuvhu, dzinde revharuvhu uye chigaro chekuisa chisimbiso chinonyanya kushandiswa nechiso-chepakati cubic lattice austenitic simbi isina tsvina, mhangura nemhangura alloy, aruminiyamu nealuminium alloy, nezvimwewo Asi nekuda kwekuti kuoma kwealuminium nealuminium alloy haisi yakakwirira, kupikisa kweabrasion uye abrasion resistance of the sealing surface haina kunaka, saka haiwanzoshandiswa muvhavha yekushisa yakadzika. Kazhinji shandisa austenitic Stainless simbi zvinhu, zvinowanzoshandiswa 0Cr18Ni9, 00Cr17Ni12Mo2 (304, 316L), nezvimwewo, zvinhu izvi hazvina yakaderera tembiricha inotonhora brittle yakakosha tembiricha, pasi pemamiriro ekushisa akaderera, anogona kuramba akaomarara.
Nekudaro, austenitic Stainless simbi seyakadzika tembiricha vharafu simbi chisimbiso yekubatsira zvinhu zvakare ine zvimwe zvikanganiso. Nekuti mazhinji ezvishandiso izvi ari mune metastable mamiriro pakupisa kwekamuri, iyo austenite muzvinhu inoshanduka kuita martensite kana tembiricha yadzikiswa pazasi pechikamu chekuchinja (MS). Kune muviri wakadzika cubic lattice yemartensite density yakadzikira pane yechiso-centered cubic lattice yeaustenite, uye nekuti mamwe maatomu ecarbon anoronga body centered cubic lattice position regulation, ita lattice pamwe neC axis kukura, nokudaro kuwedzera kwevhoriyamu kunoshanduka. kunokonzerwa nekushushikana kwemukati, ita kutanga mushure mekugaya kusangana nekuisa chisimbiso chekuisa chisimbiso chepamusoro buckling deformation, zvichiita kuti chisimbiso chikundikana.
Pamusoro pekutadza kwekugadzirisa kwekuisa chisimbiso kunokonzerwa nekudzika kwekushisa kwechikamu shanduko, nekuda kwekusiyana kwekushisa kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe kana mutsauko wezvinhu zvemuviri pakati pezvinhu zvakasiyana, zvichikonzera shrinkage isina kuenzana, kushushikana kwekushisa kuchaitika zvakare. Kana kushushikana kuri pasi peiyo elastic muganho wezvinhu, inodzoreredzwa elastic kukanganisa inogadzirwa munzvimbo yekuisa chisimbiso. Kana kupisa kwekushisa kwechimwe chikamu kunodarika muganho wegoho wezvinhu, zvikamu zvichave nekukanganisa kusingadzoreki uye deformation, izvo zvinokonzeresa kutadza kwechisimbiso chepamusoro uye kukanganisa mhedzisiro yekuisa chisimbiso.
Tichifunga nezvesimba rekushisa kwakadzika pasimbi yekuisa chisimbiso pairi, matanho anoenderana anofanirwa kutorwa kuita kuti deformation yesimbi yekuisa chisimbiso idiki kana deformation yenzvimbo yekuisa chisimbiso haina simba pakuita chisimbiso. Chekutanga, maererano nemidziyo, isu tinofanirwa kuedza kusarudza zvinhu zvine kugadzikana kwakanyanya kwemetallographic chimiro (senge 316L asi nemutengo wakakwira). Chechipiri, kumuviri, chifukidziro, dzinde, chisimbiso uye zvimwe zvinhu zve austenitic zvakagadzirwa nezvikamu zvinofanira kugadziriswa pakupisa kwakadzika, kuitira kuti martensite shanduko uye deformation yezvinyorwa zviitwe zvizere zvisati zvapedza. Kupisa kwekushisa kwekushisa kwakadzika kunofanira kunge kwakadzika kudarika kushanduka kwekushisa kwechikamu (MS) uye kuderera kudarika kupisa kwekushanda kwevhavha, uye nguva yekurapa inofanira kuva 2 ~ 4h. Kana zvichidikanwa, kurapwa kwakaderera kwekushisa kwakanyanya kana kurapwa kwakakodzera kwekukwegura kunogona kuitwa. Pamusoro pezviyero zviri pamusoro apa, dhizaini yezvimiro inofanirwawo kutariswa kudzikisa kukanganisa kwekuvhara kwechiso chepamusoro pakuita chisimbiso, senge mukugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu egedhi, mavharuvhu ebhora uye butterfly mavharuvhu anogona kufunga nezve kushandiswa kwe elastic sealing chimiro, saka. kuti iyo yakaderera tembiricha deformation inogona kubhadharwa zvishoma. Nokuti globe vharafu inofanira kuva conical chisimbiso chimiro, kuitira kuti yakaderera tembiricha deformation pamusoro chisimbiso pamusoro pechisimbiso diki kukanganisa.
3. Kufurira kwekushisa kwakadzika pakushanda kwekuvhara kwevhavha
3.1 Stem kurongedza
Nekuda kwekukanganisika kwezvinhu zverabha pakudziya kwakadzika uye kutonhora kwemhepo uye kutonhora kwakanyanya kuyerera kwezvizhinji zvisiri zvesimbi, dhizaini yekuisa chisimbiso pakati pehunde nemuviri wevharuvhu weyakadzika tembiricha vharafu haigone kushandisa chimiro chekuisa chisimbiso. shandisa chete iyo yekurongedza bhokisi yekuisa chisimbiso chimiro uye mabhero chisimbiso chimiro. General bellows chisimbiso chinoshandiswa mukati hachibvumire kudonhedza uye haina kukodzera kurongedza zviitiko, hupenyu hweiyo imwe-layer chimiro ipfupi kwazvo, mutengo weakawanda-layer chimiro wakakwira, kugadzirisa kwakaoma, saka kazhinji kwete. kushandiswa.
Iyo yekuisa chisimbiso chimiro chebhokisi rekuisa iri nyore kugadzira uye kugadzirisa, nyore kuchengetedza uye kutsiva, uye yakajairika mukushanda kwekushandisa. Nekudaro, iyo yakawanda yekushanda tembiricha yekurongedza haigone kudzika pane -40 ℃. Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuisa chisimbiso chekutakura, chigadziro chebhokisi rekutakura revhavha yepasi-tembiricha inofanira kushandiswa pasi pemamiriro ekuswedera pedyo nekupisa kwemhepo. Pakudzika kwekushisa, nekudzikira kwekushisa, elasticity yekuzadza zvishoma nezvishoma inonyangarika, uye iyo yekuvuza-inoratidza kuita inoderera. Nekuda kwekubuda kwe media kunokonzerwa nekurongedza uye vharafu stem ice, zvinokanganisa kushanda kwakajairwa kwevhavha hunde, asi zvakare nekuda kwekufamba kwevharuvhu hunde ichave yakarongedza kukwenya, zvichikonzera kudonha kwakanyanya. Naizvozvo, mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, yakaderera tembiricha vharafu packing inodiwa kuti ishande pane tembiricha inopfuura 0 ℃, iyo inoda dhizaini yehuro refu yevhavhavha yevhavha chimiro, kuitira kuti bhokisi rekutakura rive kure neakadzika tembiricha yepakati, uye kusarudzwa kwekurongedza. ine yakaderera tembiricha maitiro. Anowanzo shandiswa mafirita polytetrafluoroethylene, asbestos, impregnated polytetrafluoroethylene asbestos tambo uye inochinjika graphite, pakati payo, nekuti asbestos haigone kudzivirira permeability kuvuza, polytetrafluoroethylene mutsara wekuwedzera coefficient yakakura kwazvo, kutonhora kuyerera, kuyerera kusingawanzo kushandiswa. Flexible graphite chinhu chakanakisa chekuisa chisimbiso, gasi, mvura haipindike, compression rate yakakura kupfuura 40%, kusimba kwakakura kupfuura 15%, kuzorora kwekushushikana kuri pasi pe5%, iyo yakaderera yekusimbisa kumanikidza inogona kuiswa chisimbiso. Iyo zvakare ine yega lubricity, inoshandiswa sevhavha kurongedza inogona kunyatso kudzivirira kurongedza uye vharafu hunde kupfeka, kusevha kwayo kuri pachena kuri nani pane yechinyakare asbestos zvinhu, saka ndeimwe yeakanakisa yekuisa chisimbiso zvinhu.
Nekuti iyo filler kazhinji isiri-yesimbi zvinhu, mutsara wekuwedzera coefficient yakakura kupfuura simbi yekuzadza bhokisi uye hunde yevharuvhu. Naizvozvo, kana kurongedza kwakaunganidzwa patembiricha yekamuri kunodonha kune imwe tembiricha, shrinkage yayo yakakura kupfuura iyo yegomba rekutakura uye tsinde yevharuvhu, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuvuza nekuda kwekudzikira kwe preloading pressure. Mukugadzira, iyo yekurongedza gland bolt inogona kutakurwa nemapoka akawanda e disc spring gaskets, kuitira kuti preloading simba rekurongedza pakadzika tembiricha inogona kuramba ichibhadharwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuisa chisimbiso chekurongedza.
Iyo yakaderera kuvuza yakasanganiswa hunde kurongedza inogadzirwa neGarlock Company muUnited States, iyo yekupedzisira mhete yakagadzirwa nekabhoni fiber yakarukwa disc midzi, mhete yekuisa chisimbiso yakagadzirwa nekuchena kwedhaimani kuumbwa kwegraphite strip kuumbwa, kuburikidza nemukombe uye koni chimiro uye kuwedzera radial. maitiro, kuitira kuti chisimbiso chekuita chivandudzwe.
Iyo yakaderera tembiricha deformation ye stem zvinhu ichakanganisawo kusevha kuita kwekurongedza. Naizvozvo, zvakafanana nemuviri wevharuvhu, chivharo chevhavha, chisimbiso chekuwedzera zvinhu, iyo hunde inofanirawo kunge iri cryogenic processing mushure mekupedza, kuitira kuti iyo yakaderera tembiricha deformation idiki. Pamusoro pezvo, nekuti iyo austenitic Stainless simbi inoshandiswa mu cryogenic stem material haigone kubatwa nekupisa kuti ivandudze kuoma kwepasi, kubatana kuri pakati pehunde nekurongedzerwa kunowanzo kuvadzana, zvichikonzera kuvuza pakurongedza. Naizvozvo, hunde hunofanira kuputirwa nehard chromium kana nitride kunatsiridza kuoma kwepasi.
3.2 Pakati flange gasket
Zvese zviri zviviri zvepakati flange chisimbiso chevhavha uye chekunze chinongedzo chevhavha yekubatanidza flange kazhinji muchimiro chegaskets. Sezvo gasket zvinhu zvichaomesa uye kuderedza plastiki pane yakadzika tembiricha, iyo gasket yeyakadzika tembiricha mavharuvhu ine yakakwirira zvinodiwa. Inofanira kunge iine chisimbiso chakavimbika uye kupora pane yakajairika tembiricha, yakaderera tembiricha uye tembiricha shanduko. Iko kupesvedzera kwekushisa kwakadzika pane gasket kuvhara kuita kunofanirwa kutariswa zvizere.
Zvinoenderana neanowanzo shandiswa gasket sealing mafomu, iyo bhaudhi kureba, gasket uye flange ukobvu huchadzikira sezvo tembiricha inodzikira. Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuisa chisimbiso chegasket pane yakaderera tembiricha, inofanira kusangana
HT3 Δ HT – Δ HT1 – Δ H1 Nyora mu
ΔH1 - Tensile deformation ye bolt assembly, mm
Δ H1 = 1 / E1H sigma
ΔHT1 - Bolt shrinkage mumhando yekushisa yeΔT, mm
HT1 Δ T = H alpha 1
ΔHT - shrinkage ye gasket mu ΔT tembiricha zone, mm
HT = alpha 2 Δh T
ΔHT3 - Shrinkage yekumusoro uye yakaderera flanges mu ΔT tembiricha zone, mm
HT3 = alpha 3 Δ T1 (H - H)
σ1 - Bolt preload, N/mm
E1 - elastic modulus yebhoti, N / mm
α1, α2, α3 - ndiwo mutsara wekuwedzera coefficient yebhaudhi, gasket uye flange zvinhu, zvichiteerana, mm/m.
H, H – mm
Kana iyo gasket seal ichisvika kune yakagadzirirwa kushanda yakaderera tembiricha kubva mukamuri tembiricha, kuwanda kwekuderera kwepamusoro nepasi flanges uye shrinkage yegasket inofanira kunge iri pasi pehuwandu hwekuderera kwebhaudhi uye kusimba kwekushanduka kwebhaudhi. gungano, kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti gasket ichine chikamu che preload pane tembiricha yekushanda uye kuchengetedza kugona kuvhara.
Saizvozvo, zvinhu zvina zvinofanirwa kutariswa mukugadzira. ① Iyo bhaudhi inogadzirwa nezvinhu ine yakakura mutsara wekuwedzera coefficient, iyo ine yakakura shrinkage pane yakaderera tembiricha. ② Iyo flange inogadzirwa nezvinhu zvine diki mutsara wekuwedzera coefficient kuderedza ΔHT3. ③ Deredza kukora kwegasket, uye shandisa izvo zvine diki mutsara wekuwedzera coefficient segasket. (4) Wedzera deformation yekusimba kwemabhaudhi.
Kune yakaderera tembiricha mavharuvhu pazasi -100 ℃, zvinhu zvemuviri uye bhaudhi zvinhu zvinowanzogadzirwa neaustenitic stainless simbi, mutsara wekuwedzera coefficient yakafanana, saka zvinonyanya kukosha kusarudza yakakodzera gasket zvinhu uye kuwedzera tensile deformation yemabhaudhi. Ideal yakaderera tembiricha gasket zvinhu, pakamuri tembiricha kuoma kwayo kwakadzikira, pakudzika kwekushisa kusimba kunogona kuve kwakanaka, mutsara wekuwedzera coefficient idiki uye ine imwe mechanical simba. Mumashandisirwo anoshanda, magasi anomonereka akagadzirwa nesimbi isina tepi akazadzwa neasbestos kana polytetrafluorethylene kana flexible graphite anowanzo shandiswa, uye chisimbiso chekuisa chisimbiso chemagetsi anomonereka akagadzirwa negirafu inochinjika uye simbi isina tsvina ndiyo yakanaka. Kana iri iyo yakawedzera tensile deformation yebhaudhi, nekuda kwemuganho weiyo bhoti yekuisa preload, iyo yakawedzera margin haina kuwanda, saka inogona kutariswa kuseta disc chitubu gasket kubhadhara.