Izixhobo ze-ceramic eziphuculweyo zezicelo zenkonzo eqatha

Akukho nkcazelo yenkonzo esesikweni. Inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo kwiindleko eziphezulu zokutshintsha i-valve okanye iimeko zokusebenza ezinciphisa amandla okusebenza. Isidingo sehlabathi sokunciphisa iindleko zenkqubo yokuvelisa ukuze kuphuculwe inzuzo yawo onke amacandelo abandakanyekayo kwiimeko zenkonzo enzima. Ezi zisusela kwi-oyile negesi, iikhemikhali zepetroli ukuya kumandla enyukliya nokuveliswa kombane, ukusetyenzwa kwezimbiwa kunye nokwembiwa kwemigodi. Abaqulunqi kunye neenjineli bazama ukufezekisa le njongo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo kukwandisa ixesha kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngokulawula ngokufanelekileyo iiparamitha zenkqubo (ezifana nokuvalwa okusebenzayo kunye nokulawula ukuhamba kakuhle). Ukulungiswa kokhuseleko nako kudlala indima ebalulekileyo, kuba ukunciphisa inani lokutshintshwa kunokukhokelela kwindawo ekhuselekileyo yemveliso. Ukongeza, inkampani isebenza ukunciphisa izixhobo (kubandakanywa iipompo kunye neevalvu) uluhlu lwezinto kunye nokuchithwa okufunekayo. Kwangaxeshanye, abanini beziko balindele imbuyekezo enkulu kwimpahla yabo. Ke ngoko, ukonyuka kwamandla okusebenza kuya kubangela imibhobho embalwa (kodwa ubukhulu obukhulu) kunye nezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezimbalwa zokuhambisa imveliso efanayo. Oku kubonisa ukuba, ukongeza ekusebenziseni amacandelo amakhulu enkqubo yomntu ngamnye kwiidayamitha ezibanzi zemibhobho, kukwayimfuneko ukunyamezela ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwiimeko ezirhabaxa ukunciphisa ugcino lwenkonzo kunye neemfuno zokutshintshwa. Izinto ezibandakanya iivalvu kunye neebhola zevalve kufuneka zomelele ukuze zihambelane nesicelo esifunwayo, kodwa zinokwandisa ubomi bazo. Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki enkulu kwizicelo ezininzi kukuba iindawo zetsimbi zifikelele kwimida yazo yokusebenza. Oku kubonisa ukuba abaqulunqi banokufumana iindlela ezizezinye kwizinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi kwizicelo ezifunwayo, ngakumbi izixhobo ze-ceramic. Imilinganiselo eqhelekileyo efunekayo ukuze kusebenze amacandelo phantsi kweemeko ezinzima ibandakanya ukuxhathisa ukothuka kwe-thermal, ukuxhathisa ukubola, ukuxhathisa ukudinwa, ukuqina, ukomelela, kunye nokuqina. Ukomelela yiparameter engundoqo, kuba amacandelo anganyangekiyo kangako anokusilela ngentlekele. Ukuqina kwezixhobo ze-ceramic kuchazwa njengokuchasana nokusasazeka kwe-crack. Kwezinye iimeko, kunokulinganiswa kusetyenziswa indlela yokuthomalalisa ukufumana ixabiso eliphezulu. Ukusetyenziswa komqadi wecala elinye lokusika kunokubonelela ngeziphumo zomlinganiselo ochanekileyo. Amandla anxulumene nokuqina, kodwa kubhekiselele kwindawo enye apho i-material yonakaliswa yintlekele xa kusetyenziswa uxinzelelo. Iqhele ukubizwa ngokuba yi "modulus of rupture" kwaye ifunyenwe ngokulinganisa amanqaku amathathu okanye amanqaku amane okugoba kwintonga yovavanyo. Ixabiso lovavanyo lwamanqaku amathathu yi-1% ephezulu kunexabiso lovavanyo lwamanqaku amane. Nangona izikali ezininzi ezibandakanya i-Rockwell hardness tester kunye ne-Vickers i-hardness tester ingasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubulukhuni, i-Vickers microhardness isikali ifaneleka kakhulu kwizinto eziphambili ze-ceramic. Ubunzima buguquka ngokulingana nokumelana nokunxiba kwezinto. Kwiivalvu ezisebenza ngendlela ye-cyclic, ukukhathala kuyona nto ixhalabisayo ngenxa yokuvulwa okuqhubekayo kunye nokuvalwa kwevalve. Ukudinwa ngumda wamandla. Ngaphandle kwalo mda, izinto eziphathekayo zidla ngokungaphumeleli ngaphantsi kwamandla aqhelekileyo okugoba. Ukumelana nokubola kuxhomekeke kwindawo yokusebenza kunye nendawo equlethe izinto. Ukongeza kwi-"hydrothermal degradation", ezininzi izinto ze-ceramic eziphezulu ziphezulu kunezinyithi kule ntsimi, kwaye izinto ezithile ezisekelwe kwi-zirconia ziya kuhlaselwa "i-hydrothermal degradation" emva kokuvezwa kwi-steam ephezulu yokushisa. I-geometry, i-coefficient yokwandisa i-thermal, i-thermal conductivity, ukuqina kunye namandla amacandelo achaphazelekayo kukutshitshiswa kwe-thermal. Lo mmandla uhambelana ne-conductivity ephezulu ye-thermal kunye nokuqina, ngoko ke amacandelo esinyithi anokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqhubela phambili kwizinto ze-ceramic ngoku kubonelela ngamanqanaba amkelekileyo okumelana nokothuka kwe-thermal. Iiseramics eziphucukileyo zisetyenziswe iminyaka emininzi kwaye zithandwa phakathi kweenjineli ezithembekileyo, iinjineli zezityalo kunye nabayili bevalve abafuna ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nexabiso eliphezulu. Ngokweemfuno ezithile zesicelo, ifanelekile kwimiqulu eyahlukeneyo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zamashishini. Nangona kunjalo, iiseramics ezine eziphambili zibaluleke kakhulu kwintsimi yokugcinwa ngokungqongqo kweevalvu, kuquka i-silicon carbide (SiC), i-silicon nitride (Si3N4), i-alumina kunye ne-zirconia. Izinto zevalve kunye nebhola yevalve zikhethwa ngokweemfuno ezithile zokusetyenziswa. I-valve isebenzisa iindlela ezimbini eziphambili ze-zirconia, ezine-coefficient yokwandisa i-thermal efanayo kunye nokuqina njengentsimbi. I-Magnesium oxide ngokuyinxenye i-zirconia ezinzile (Mg-PSZ) inokumelana nokothuka kwe-thermal kunye nokuqina, ngelixa i-yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) inzima, kodwa ichaphazeleka kwi-hydrothermal degradation. I-Silicon nitride (i-Si3N4) ineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqulunqa. Uxinzelelo lwegesi sintered silicon nitride (GPPSN) yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiivalvu kunye namalungu evalvu. Ukongeza kwi-avareji yokuqina kwayo, ikwanobunzima obuphezulu kunye namandla, ukuxhathisa ukothuka kwe-thermal kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Ukongeza, kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu be-steam, i-Si3N4 inokutshintsha i-zirconia ukukhusela ukuthotywa kwe-hydrothermal. Ngohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olungqongqo, i-concentrator ingakhetha kwi-SiC okanye i-alumina. Zombini izixhobo zinobunzima obuphezulu, kodwa azikho nzima kune-zirconia okanye i-silicon nitride. Oku kubonisa ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zifaneleke kakhulu kwizicelo ze-static component, ezifana ne-valve liners kunye nezihlalo zevalve, kunokuba iibhola zevalve okanye iidiski eziphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Xa kuthelekiswa nemathiriyeli yentsimbi esetyenziswa kwiimfuno zevalvu (kubandakanya i-ferrochrome (i-CrFe), i-tungsten carbide, i-Hastelloy kunye ne-Stellite), imathiriyeli ye-ceramic ephezulu inobulukhuni obuphantsi kunye namandla afanayo. Ukufuna izicelo zenkonzo kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweevalvu ezijikelezayo, ezinjengeevalve zebhabhathane, iitrunnions, iivalve zebhola ezidadayo kunye nesprings. Kwizicelo ezinjalo, i-Si3N4 kunye ne-zirconia inokumelana nokutshatyalaliswa kwe-thermal, ukuqina kunye namandla, kwaye iyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa neyona ndawo inzima kakhulu. Ngenxa yobunzima kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion yezinto eziphathekayo, ubomi benkonzo yecandelo buphindwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwecandelo lensimbi. Ezinye izibonelelo zibandakanya iimpawu zokusebenza kubomi be-valve, ngakumbi kwiindawo apho ukunqunyulwa kwamandla kunye nokulawula kugcinwa khona. Oku kubonakaliswe kwimeko ye-65mm (2.6 intshi) yevalve kynar/RTFE ibhola kunye ne-liner evezwe kwi-98% ye-sulfuric acid kunye ne-ilmenite, i-ilmenite iguqulelwa kwi-titanium oxide pigment. Ubume bemithombo yeendaba buthetha ukuba ubomi bala macandelo bunokuba bubude beeveki ezintandathu. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-spherical valve trim (i-magnesium oxide yobunikazi ngokuyinxenye i-zirconia (Mg-PSZ)) eyenziwe ngu-Nilcra™ (Umfanekiso woku-1) unobulukhuni obubalaseleyo kunye nokumelana nomhlwa kwaye ibonelelwe iminyaka emithathu. Inkonzo yexeshana, ngaphandle kokubonakala kokugqoka kunye nokukrazula. Kwiivalvu zemigca (kubandakanywa iivalvu ze-angle, iivalve ze-throttle okanye iivalve zeglowubhu), ngenxa yeempawu "zesitulo esiqinileyo" zezi mveliso, i-zirconia kunye ne-silicon nitride zifanelekile kuzo zombini iiplagi zevalve kunye nezihlalo zevalvu. Ngokufanayo, i-alumina ingasetyenziselwa kwiilayini ezithile kunye neekheji. Ngebhola ehambelanayo kwiringi yesihlalo, iqondo eliphezulu lokutywinwa linokufezekiswa. Kwisiseko sevalve, kuqukwa ivelufa yespool, indawo yokungena kunye nendawo yokuphuma okanye ivalve body bushing, nayiphi na enye yezinto ezine eziphambili zeceramic ingasetyenziswa ngokweemfuno zesicelo. Ubunzima obuphezulu kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion kwi-corrosion ye-corrosion ye-corrosion ibonakalise ukuba luncedo malunga nokusebenza kwemveliso kunye nobomi benkonzo. Thatha ivalve yebhabhathane ye-DN150 esetyenziswa kwindawo yokucokisa i-bauxite yase-Australia njengomzekelo. Umxholo ophezulu we-silica ophakathi ubangela amanqanaba aphezulu okuguga kwi-valve bushings. I-liner kunye ne-valve disc esetyenziswe ekuqaleni yenziwe nge-28% ye-CrFe alloy kwaye ithathe iiveki ezisibhozo ukuya kwezilishumi kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokwaziswa kweevalvu ezenziwe nge-Nilcra™ zirconia (Umfanekiso 2), ubomi benkonzo bonyusiwe ukuya kwiiveki ezingama-70. Ngenxa yokuqina kunye namandla, iiseramics zisebenza kakuhle kwiinkqubo ezininzi zevalvu. Nangona kunjalo, bubunzima babo kunye nokumelana nokubola okunceda ukwandisa ubomi bevalve. Ngokulandelayo, oku kunciphisa iindleko zomjikelo wobomi bonke ngokunciphisa ixesha lokuphumla kwiindawo ezitshintshiweyo, ukunciphisa imali yokusebenza kunye ne-inventri, ukuphathwa okuncinci kwezandla, kunye nokhuseleko oluphuculweyo ngokunciphisa ukuvuza. Kwangexesha elide, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-ceramic kwii-valve eziphezulu zoxinzelelo kuye kwaba enye yezona zinto zixhalabisayo, kuba ezi zivalo zixhomekeke kwimithwalo ephezulu ye-axial okanye ye-torsional. Nangona kunjalo, abadlali abaphambili kulo mmandla baphuhlisa uyilo lwebhola yevalve ephucula ukusinda kwetorque esebenzayo. Omnye umda omkhulu bubukhulu. Ubungakanani besihlalo sevalve sikhulu kunye nebhola enkulu yevalve (Umfanekiso 3) oveliswe yi-magnesia i-zirconia ezinzile ngokuyinxenye yi-DN500 kunye ne-DN250, ngokulandelanayo. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabacacisi bangoku bakhetha ukusebenzisa iiseramikhi ukwenza iindawo ezinobukhulu obungagqithiyo kule milinganiselo. Nangona izixhobo ze-ceramic ngoku zibonakaliswe ukuba zilukhetho olufanelekileyo, kusekho izikhokelo ezilula ezifuna ukulandelwa ukwandisa ukusebenza kwazo. Izinto zeCeramic kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuqala kuphela ukuba kukho imfuneko yokunciphisa iindleko. Bobabini ngaphakathi nangaphandle kufuneka baphephe iikona ezibukhali kunye nokugxininiswa koxinzelelo. Nakuphi na ukungafani kokwandiswa kwe-thermal okunokwenzeka kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ngexesha lesigaba soyilo. Ukuze unciphise uxinzelelo lwe-hoop, kuyimfuneko ukugcina i-ceramic ngaphandle ngaphandle kwangaphakathi. Ekugqibeleni, imfuno yokunyamezela kwejometri kunye nokugqitywa kwendawo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokucophelela, njengoko oku kunyamezela kunokunyusa kakhulu iindleko ezingeyomfuneko. Ngokulandela ezi zikhokelo kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokukhetha izixhobo kunye nokulungelelanisa nabanikezeli ukususela ekuqaleni kweprojekthi, isisombululo esifanelekileyo sinokufezekiswa kwisicelo ngasinye senkonzo esifunayo. Olu lwazi lufunyenwe, lwahlaziywa kwaye luhlengahlengiswa kwizinto ezibonelelwa nguMorgan Advanced Materials. IMorgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. (NgoNovemba 28, 2019). Izixhobo ze-ceramic eziphezulu ezifanelekileyo kwizicelo zenkonzo enzulu. AZoM. Ifunyenwe ku-https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305 ngoMeyi 26, 2021. Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Izixhobo ze-ceramic eziphuculweyo zezicelo ezinzulu zenkonzo". AZoM. Ngomhla wama-26 kuCanzibe, ngo-2021. IMorgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Izixhobo ze-ceramic eziphuculweyo zezicelo ezinzulu zenkonzo". AZoM. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305. (Ifikeleleke ngoMeyi 26, 2021). IMorgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. 2019. Izinto ze-ceramic eziphuculweyo ezifanelekileyo kwizicelo zenkonzo enzulu. I-AZoM, ijongwe ngoMeyi 26, 2021, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx? I-ArticleID = 12305. I-AZoM ithethe nabaNjingalwazi abaDibeneyo uArda Gozen, uGeorge noJoan Berry abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington State. I-Arda yinxalenye yeqela lamaziko amaninzi azinikele ekudaleni i-scaffolds yezicubu ezinobunjineli ngokuxelisa iimpawu zezicubu zomntu. Kulo dliwano-ndlebe, i-AZoM yathetha noDkt Tim Nunney kunye noDkt Adam Bushell weThermo Fisher Scientific malunga nenkqubo yohlalutyo lwe-Nexsa G2. Kulo dliwano-ndlebe, i-AZoM kunye noDkt Juan Araneda, intloko ye-chemistry esetyenzisiweyo ye-Nanalysis, bathetha ngokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-NMR kunye nendlela yokunceda uhlalutyo lwe-lithium deposits. I-spectrometer yokukhupha ukukhanya kwe-GDS850 ye-Leco ingasetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zetsimbi. Ikwabonelela ngobunzulu bobungakanani beprofayili yemathiriyeli. Inoluhlu lwe-120-800 nm kwaye inezinto ezininzi. Amaziko okuguqula uchungechunge lwe-Haringe® T kunye ne-SUPER-PRECISION® T amaziko okuguqula ii-series ziyaziwa iinkokeli zemarike kwi-ultra-precision kunye ne-hard turning applications. Sisebenzisa iikuki ukuphucula amava akho. Ngokuqhubeka nokukhangela le webhusayithi, uyavumelana nokusebenzisa kwethu iikuki. Iinkcukacha ezithe xaxe.