Izinto ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe zezicelo zesevisi ezinokhahlo

Ayikho incazelo yesevisi esemthethweni. Kungabhekwa njengokubhekisela ezindleko eziphezulu zokushintsha i-valve noma izimo zokusebenza ezinciphisa amandla okucubungula. Isidingo somhlaba wonke sokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza ukuze kuthuthukiswe inzuzo yazo zonke izinhlaka ezithintekayo ezimweni ezinzima zesevisi. Lezi zisukela kuwoyela negesi, amakhemikhali ephethiloli kuya emandleni enuzi kanye nokuphehlwa kukagesi, ukucutshungulwa kwezimbiwa kanye nezimayini. Abaqambi nonjiniyela bazama ukufeza lo mgomo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Indlela efaneleke kakhulu ukukhulisa isikhathi nokusebenza kahle ngokulawula ngempumelelo amapharamitha enqubo (njengokuvalwa okusebenzayo nokulawula ukugeleza okulungiselelwe). Ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile, ngoba ukwehlisa inani lokushintshwa kungaholela endaweni yokukhiqiza ephephile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani isebenzela ukunciphisa izinto zokusebenza (okuhlanganisa amaphampu nama-valve) kanye nokulahlwa okudingekayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanikazi bezikhungo balindele inzuzo enkulu evela ezimpahleni zabo. Ngakho-ke, ukukhushulwa komthamo wokucubungula kuzoholela kumapayipi amancane (kodwa ububanzi obukhulu) namathuluzi kanye nezinsimbi ezimbalwa zokusakaza komkhiqizo ofanayo. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi, ngaphezu kokuthi kufanele kusetshenziswe izingxenye ezinkulu zesistimu ngayinye kumadayimitha amapayipi abanzi, kuyadingeka futhi ukubekezelela ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinokhahlo ukuze kuncishiswe ukulondolozwa nokushintshwa kwezidingo zangaphakathi. Izingxenye ezihlanganisa ama-valve namabhola ama-valve kudingeka ziqine ukuze zivumelane nendlela efunwa ngayo, kodwa zingase futhi zandise ukuphila kwazo. Kodwa-ke, inkinga enkulu ngezicelo eziningi ukuthi izingxenye zensimbi sezifinyelele imikhawulo yazo yokusebenza. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi abaklami bangase bathole ezinye izinto ezingezona ezensimbi ezinhlelweni ezifunwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi izinto zobumba. Amapharamitha ajwayelekile adingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe izingxenye ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima ahlanganisa ukumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nokukhathala, ubulukhuni, amandla, nokuqina. Ukuqina kuyipharamitha eyinhloko, ngoba izingxenye ezingaqinile zingahluleka ngendlela eyingozi. Ukuqina kwezinto ze-ceramic kuchazwa njengokumelana nokusabalalisa ukuqhekeka. Kwezinye izimo, ingakalwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlehlisa ukuze kutholwe inani eliphezulu lokwenziwa. Ukusetshenziswa komugqa wokusika ohlangothini olulodwa kunganikeza imiphumela yokulinganisa enembile. Amandla ahlobene nokuqina, kodwa abhekisela endaweni eyodwa lapho okubalulekile konakaliswa yinhlekelele lapho kusetshenziswa ingcindezi. Ivamise ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-modulus of rupture" futhi itholakala ngokulinganisa amaphuzu amathathu noma amaphuzu amane amandla okugoba entongeni yokuhlola. Inani lokuhlolwa kwamaphuzu amathathu liphezulu ngo-1% kunevelu yohlolo lwamaphuzu amane. Nakuba izikali eziningi ezihlanganisa i-Rockwell hardness tester kanye ne-Vickers hardness tester zingasetshenziswa ukukala ubulukhuni, isikali se-Vickers microhardness sifaneleka kakhulu ezintweni zobumba ezithuthukisiwe. Ubulukhuni buyashintsha ngokulingana nokumelana nokugqokwa kwezinto. Kuma-valve asebenza ngendlela yomjikelezo, ukukhathala kuwukukhathazeka okuyinhloko ngenxa yokuvuleka nokuvala okuqhubekayo kwe-valve. Ukukhathala kuwumngcele wamandla. Ngalé kwalo mngcele, okokusebenza kuvame ukwehluleka ngaphansi kwamandla ako avamile okugoba. Ukumelana nokugqwala kuncike endaweni yokusebenza kanye nendawo equkethe izinto. Ngaphandle kwe-"hydrothermal degradation", izinto eziningi ezithuthukisiwe ze-ceramic ziphakeme kunezinsimbi kulo mkhakha, futhi izinto ezithile ezisekelwe ku-zirconia zizobhekana "nokonakala kwe-hydrothermal" ngemva kokuvezwa ku-steam ephezulu. I-geometry, i-coefficient yokwandisa ukushisa, ukuqhutshwa kokushisa, ukuqina namandla ezingxenye kuthinteka ukushaqeka kokushisa. Le ndawo ihambisana nokushisa okuphezulu nokuqina, ngakho izingxenye zensimbi zingasebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthuka kwezinto zobumba manje kunikeza amazinga amukelekayo okumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo. I-ceramics ethuthukisiwe isetshenziswe iminyaka eminingi futhi idumile phakathi konjiniyela abanokwethenjelwa, onjiniyela bezitshalo nabaklami be-valve abadinga ukusebenza okuphezulu kanye nenani eliphezulu. Ngokwezidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza, ilungele ukwakheka okuhlukile ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, izitsha zobumba ezine ezithuthukisiwe zibaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wokunakekelwa okuqinile kwamavalvu, okuhlanganisa i-silicon carbide (SiC), i-silicon nitride (Si3N4), i-alumina ne-zirconia. Izinto ze-valve nebhola le-valve zikhethwa ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza. I-valve isebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-zirconia, ezine-coefficient yokwandisa ukushisa okufanayo kanye nokuqina njengensimbi. I-Magnesium oxide i-zirconia ezinzile kancane (Mg-PSZ) inokumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo okuphezulu kakhulu kanye nokuqina, kuyilapho i-yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) iqinile, kodwa isengozini yokuwohloka kwe-hydrothermal. I-Silicon nitride (Si3N4) inokwakheka okuhlukile. I-gas pressure sintered silicon nitride (GPPSN) iyinto esetshenziswa kakhulu kumavalvu nezingxenye zamavalvu. Ngaphezu kokuqina kwayo okujwayelekile, iphinde ibe nobulukhuni obuphezulu namandla, ukumelana nokushaqeka okuhle kakhulu kwe-thermal kanye nokuzinza kokushisa. Ukwengeza, ezindaweni ezinokushisa okuphezulu kwe-steam, i-Si3N4 ingakwazi ukufaka esikhundleni se-zirconia ukuvimbela ukuwohloka kwe-hydrothermal. Ngesabelomali esiqinile, i-concentrator ingakhetha ku-SiC noma i-alumina. Zombili izinto ezisetshenziswayo zinokuqina okuphezulu, kepha azinzima kune-zirconia noma i-silicon nitride. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi impahla ifaneleka kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwengxenye emile, njengama-valve liner nezihlalo zamavalvu, kunamabhola ama-valve noma amadiski angaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zensimbi ezisetshenziswa ekufakweni kwamavalvu okufunwa kakhulu (okuhlanganisa i-ferrochrome (CrFe), i-tungsten carbide, i-Hastelloy ne-Stellite), izinto zobumba ezithuthukisiwe zinokuqina okuphansi namandla afanayo. Izicelo zesevisi ezidingayo zihilela ukusetshenziswa kwamavalvu ajikelezayo, njengamavaluvu ovemvane, ama-trunnions, ama-valve amabhola antantayo neziphethu. Kulezi zicelo, i-Si3N4 ne-zirconia inokumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo, ukuqina namandla, futhi ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezidinga kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuqina nokumelana nokugqwala kwezinto, impilo yesevisi yengxenye iphindwe izikhathi eziningana kunengxenye yensimbi. Ezinye izinzuzo zihlanganisa izici zokusebenza phakathi nokuphila kwe-valve, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho amandla okusika kanye nokulawula agcinwa khona. Lokhu kuboniswe endabeni yebhola levalvu engu-65mm (2.6 inch) i-kynar/RTFE kanye ne-liner evezwe ku-98% we-sulfuric acid plus ilmenite, i-ilmenite iguqulelwa ku-titanium oxide pigment. Ukubola kwabezindaba kusho ukuthi impilo yalezi zingxenye ingaba yinde amasonto ayisithupha. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-valve trim eyindilinga (i-zirconia yobunikazi be-magnesium oxide ezinzile ngokwengxenye (Mg-PSZ)) ekhiqizwe i-Nilcra™ (Umfanekiso 1) inobulukhuni obuhle kakhulu nokumelana nokugqwala futhi inikezwe iminyaka emithathu. Isevisi yezikhawu, ngaphandle kokuguga okubonakalayo. Kuma-valve alayini (okuhlanganisa ama-engeli, ama-throttle valves noma ama-globe valves), ngenxa yezimpawu "zesihlalo esiqinile" sale mikhiqizo, i-zirconia ne-silicon nitride ifaneleka kokubili amapulaki ama-valve nezihlalo zamavalvu. Ngokufanayo, i-alumina ingasetshenziswa kuma-linings namakheji athile. Ngebhola elihambisanayo eringini yesihlalo, izinga eliphezulu lokuvala lingafinyelelwa. Ngomgogodla we-valve, okuhlanganisa i-spool valve, i-outlet kanye ne-outlet noma i-valve body bushing, noma iyiphi yezinto ezine zobumba eziyinhloko ingasetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza. Ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwezinto kubonise ukuthi kunenzuzo mayelana nokusebenza komkhiqizo kanye nempilo yesevisi. Thatha i-DN150 butterfly valve esetshenziswe endaweni yokuhluza i-bauxite yase-Australia njengesibonelo. Okuqukethwe kwe-silica okuphezulu phakathi nendawo kubangela ukuguga okuphezulu kuma-valve bushings. I-liner ne-valve disc esetshenziswe ekuqaleni yenziwe nge-28% CrFe alloy futhi yahlala amasonto ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwayishumi kuphela. Nokho, ngenxa yokwethulwa kwamavalvu enziwe nge-Nilcra™ zirconia (Umfanekiso 2), impilo yesevisi inyusiwe yaba amaviki angu-70. Ngenxa yokuqina namandla ayo, ama-ceramics asebenza kahle kuma-valve amaningi. Kodwa-ke, ukuqina kwabo kanye nokumelana nokugqwala okusiza ukwandisa impilo ye-valve. Ngokulandelayo, lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zawo wonke umjikelezo wempilo ngokunciphisa isikhathi sokuphumula sezingxenye ezishintshwayo, imali encishisiwe yokusebenza kanye nempahla, ukuphatha okumbalwa okwenziwa ngesandla, nokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe ngokuvuza okuncishisiwe. Sekuyisikhathi eside ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-ceramic kuma-valve anengcindezi ephezulu kube enye yezinto ezikhathazayo eziyinhloko, ngoba lawa ma-valve angaphansi kwemithwalo ephezulu ye-axial noma ye-torsional. Kodwa-ke, abadlali abakhulu kulo mkhakha bakha amadizayini amabhola e-valve athuthukisa ukusinda kwe-torque yokuqalisa. Omunye umkhawulo omkhulu usayizi. Ubukhulu besihlalo se-valve esikhulu kunazo zonke kanye nebhola le-valve elikhulu kunawo wonke (Umfanekiso 3) okhiqizwe i-zirconia ye-magnesia ezinzile ngokwengxenye yi-DN500 ne-DN250, ngokulandelana. Kodwa-ke, izicacisi eziningi zamanje zikhetha ukusebenzisa izitsha zobumba ukuze zenze izingxenye ezinobukhulu obungeqi lobu bukhulu. Nakuba izinto ze-ceramic manje sezifakazelwe ukuthi ziyisinqumo esifanele, kusekhona iziqondiso ezilula okudingeka zilandelwe ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kwazo. Izinto ze-Ceramic kufanele zisetshenziswe kuqala kuphela uma kunesidingo sokunciphisa izindleko. Kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle kufanele kugweme amakhona acijile nokugxilisa ingcindezi. Noma yikuphi ukungafani kokwanda kokushisa okungaba khona kufanele kucatshangelwe phakathi nesigaba sokuklama. Ukuze unciphise ukucindezeleka kwe-hoop, kuyadingeka ukugcina i-ceramic ngaphandle kunangaphakathi. Okokugcina, isidingo sokubekezelelana kwejometri nokuqedwa kwendawo kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela, njengoba lokhu kubekezelela kungase kwandise kakhulu izindleko ezingadingekile. Ngokulandela le mihlahlandlela nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokukhetha izinto zokwakha kanye nokuxhumana nabahlinzeki kusukela ekuqaleni kwephrojekthi, kungafinyelelwa isisombululo esifanele kuhlelo lokusebenza ngalunye oludinga kakhulu. Lolu lwazi lutholiwe, lwabuyekezwa futhi lwashintshwa kusukela ezintweni ezinikezwe nguMorgan Advanced Materials. Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. (Novemba 28, 2019). Izinto ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe ezifanele ukusetshenziswa kwensiza ebucayi. AZoM. Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305 ngoMeyi 26, 2021. Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Izisetshenziswa ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe zezicelo zesevisi ezibucayi". AZoM. Meyi 26, 2021. Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. "Izisetshenziswa ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibucayi". AZoM. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12305. (Kufinyelelwe ngoMeyi 26, 2021). Morgan Advanced Materials-Technical Ceramics. 2019. Izinto zobumba ezithuthukisiwe ezifanele izinhlelo zokusebenza zesevisi ezibucayi. I-AZoM, ibukwe ngoMeyi 26, 2021, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx? I-ArticleID = 12305. I-AZoM ikhulume noSolwazi Abahlangene u-Arda Gozen, uGeorge noJoan Berry baseWashington State University. I-Arda iyingxenye yethimba lezikhungo eziningi ezizinikele ekudaleni izikafula zezicubu ezinjiniyela ngokulingisa izici zezicubu zomuntu. Kule ngxoxo, i-AZoM ikhulume noDkt. Tim Nunney kanye noDkt. Adam Bushell we-Thermo Fisher Scientific mayelana nesistimu yokuhlaziya indawo ye-Nexsa G2. Kule ngxoxo, i-AZoM kanye noDkt Juan Araneda, inhloko ye-chemistry esetshenzisiwe ye-Nanalysis, bakhulume ngokusetshenziswa okwandayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-NMR nokuthi ungasiza kanjani ukuhlaziywa kwe-lithium deposits. I-spectrometer ye-Leco's GDS850 glow discharge ingasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya izinto ezihlukahlukene zensimbi. Iphinde inikeze ukujula kwephrofayili yento. Inobubanzi obungu-120-800 nm futhi iguquguquka. Izikhungo zokujika uchungechunge lwe-Haringe® T kanye nezikhungo zokujika zochungechunge lwe-SUPER-PRECISION® T zingabaholi abaziwayo bemakethe ngokunemba okuphezulu nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziguqukayo kanzima. Sisebenzisa amakhukhi ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwakho. Ngokuqhubeka nokuphequlula le webhusayithi, uyavumelana nokusebenzisa kwethu amakhukhi. Ulwazi olwengeziwe.